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A&P Chapter 12

QuestionAnswer
What is neurons? Cells that send and receive signals
2. What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? Central Nervous System/ Peripheral Nervous System
3. What organs are included in the central nervous system? Peripheral organs (skeletal muscles)
4. What are the functions of the central nervous system? Sensory dada from inside and outside body/ Motor commands control activities of peripheral organs/ Higher functions of brain intelligence, memory, learning, emotion
5. What structures make up the peripheral nervous system? Skeletal muscles
6. What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? Deliver sensory information to the CNS/ Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems
7. What is a nerve? What is the function of nerves? Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels/ Carry sensory information and motor commands in PNS (Cranial & spinal nerves)
8. What type of nerves connect to the brain? The spinal cord? Cranial to the brain and Spinal to the spinal cord
9. What are the two major (functional) divisions of the PNS? Afferent Division/ Efferent Division
10. Which division of the PNS carries information TO the CNS? Which carries information FROM the CNS? Afferent, carries sensory information// Efferent carries motor commands
11. What are receptors? Detect changes or respond to stimuli/ neurons and specialized cells/ complex sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc)
12. What are the two major systems of the efferent division? Somatic nervous system (SNS)/ Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
13. What are the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? Controls voluntary & involuntary skeletal muscle contractions// Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions/ Sympathetic=stimulating, parasympathetic=relaxing
14. What are the basic functional units of the nervous system? Neurons
15. What is the cell body of a neuron called? Soma
16. What is the function of dendrites? Receive information from other neurons
17. What is the function of axons? Sends information to a target
18. The branched ends of axons are called what? Telodendria (axon terminals)
19. What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell called? Synapse
20. What are the three major components of the synapse? Presynaptic: neuron sends message/ Postsynaptic: cell receives message/ synaptic cleft: small gap separates presynaptic membrane & postsynaptic membrane
21. What is a neurotransmitter? Chemical messengers/ released at presynaptic membrane/ affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane/ broken down by enzymes/ reassembled at synaptic terminal
22. What is the difference between a neuromuscular junction and a neuroglandular junction? Synapse btwn neuron and muscle// Synapse btwn neuron and gland
23. Know which neuroglia are found in the CNS and which are found in the PNS. CNS: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells// PNS: Schwann, satellite cells
24. Know the four types of neuroglia in the CNS and their function. Astrocytes: support, maintain, clean up interstitial envior in the CNS/ Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS/ Microglia: Cleans up cellular debris, waste, pathogens/ Ependymal: secrete cerebrospinal fluid
25. Know the two types of neuroglia in the PNS and their function. Schwann: forms myelin sheath around PNS axons/ Satellite: surround ganglia and regulates envior around neuron
26. What does it mean for an axon to be myelinated? increases speed of actions potentials/ makes nerves appear white (white matter)
27. Understand why ion movement occurs and why it causes electrical changes in cells. Ions have small electrical charge/ diffusion causes ion mvmnt from high to low concentration/ ions overall voltage changes when it moves in or out of a cell
28. Know the five steps of electrical events in a neuron. Resting potential/ graded potential/ action potential/ synaptic activity/ information processing
29. What is propagation? Passing signals along in waves/ moves action potentials along entire length of axon
30. What is the difference between continuous and saltatory propagation? Unmyelinated axons// myelinated axons
31. Why does myelination allow action potentials to move along axons faster? Myelin insulates axon/ current jumps from node to node
32. Know the differences between TYPE A, Type B, and Type C fibers. Myelinated/ Large diameter/ High speed/ Carry rapid info to/from CNS. Ex: position balance, touch, motor impulses
33. What are gray matter and white matter? Gray: contains more cell bodies & fewer myelinated axons/ White: contains more long- range myelinated axons and fewer cell bodies.
What is neuroglia? Cells that support and protect neurons
What are effectors? Respond to signals sent from the CNS/ Cells organs, muscles, etc
Know the differences between Type A, TYPE B, and Type C fibers. Myelinated/ medium diameter/ medium speed/ carry intermediate signals. Ex: sensory info, peripheral effectors
Know the differences between Type A, Type B, and TYPE C fibers. Unmyelinated/ small diameter/ slow speed/ carry slower info. Ex: involuntary muscle, gland controls.
Created by: Clinton Perdue
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