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A&P Final Pt 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are neurons? | Cells that send and receive signals |
| What are neuroglia? | Cells that support and protect neurons |
| 2. What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? | Central Nervous System/ Peripheral Nervous System |
| 3. What organs are included in the central nervous system? | Peripheral organs (skeletal muscles) |
| 4. What are the functions of the central nervous system? | Sensory data from inside and outside body/ Motor commands control activities of peripheral organs/ Higher functions of brain intelligence, memory, learning, emotion |
| 5. What structures make up the peripheral nervous system? | Skeletal muscles |
| 6. What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? | Deliver sensory information to the CNS/ Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems |
| 7. What is a nerve? What is the function of nerves? | Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels/ Carry sensory information and motor commands in PNS (Cranial & spinal nerves) |
| 8. What type of nerves connect to the brain? The spinal cord? | Cranial to the brain and Spinal to the spinal cord |
| 9. What are the two major (functional) divisions of the PNS? | Afferent Division/ Efferent Division |
| 10. Which division of the PNS carries information TO the CNS? Which carries information FROM the CNS? | Afferent, carries sensory information// Efferent carries motor commands |
| 12. What are the two major systems of the efferent division? | Somatic nervous system (SNS)/ Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| 13. What are the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? | Controls voluntary & involuntary skeletal muscle contractions// Controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions/ Sympathetic=stimulating, parasympathetic=relaxing |
| 14. What are the basic functional units of the nervous system? | Neurons |
| 15. What is the cell body of a neuron called? | Soma |
| 16. What is the function of dendrites? | Receive information from other neurons |
| 17. What is the function of axons? | Sends information to a target |
| 18. The branched ends of axons are called what? | Telodendria (axon terminals) |
| 19. What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell called? | Synapse |
| 20. What are the three major components of the synapse? | Presynaptic: neuron sends message/ Postsynaptic: cell receives message/ synaptic cleft: small gap separates presynaptic membrane & postsynaptic membrane |
| 21. What is a neurotransmitter? | Chemical messengers/ released at presynaptic membrane/ affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane/ broken down by enzymes/ reassembled at synaptic term |
| 23. Know which neuroglia are found in the CNS and which are found in the PNS. | CNS: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells// PNS: Schwann, satellite cells |
| 24. Know the four types of neuroglia in the CNS and their function. | Astrocytes: support, maintain, clean up interstitial envior in the CNS/ Oligodendrocytes: Form myelin sheath around axons in CNS/ Microglia: Cleans up cellular debris, waste, pathogens/ Ependymal: secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
| 25. Know the two types of neuroglia in the PNS and their function. | Schwann: forms myelin sheath around PNS axons/ Satellite: surround ganglia and regulates envior around neuron |
| 26. What does it mean for an axon to be myelinated? | increases speed of actions potentials/ makes nerves appear white (white matter) |
| 30. What is the difference between continuous and saltatory propagation? | Unmyelinated axons// myelinated axons |
| 31. Why does myelination allow action potentials to move along axons faster? | Myelin insulates axon/ current jumps from node to node |
| 32. Know the differences between TYPE A, Type B, and Type C fibers. | Myelinated/ Large diameter/ High speed/ Carry rapid info to/from CNS. Ex: position balance, touch, motor impulses |
| Know the differences between Type A, TYPE B, and Type C fibers. | Myelinated/ medium diameter/ medium speed/ carry intermediate signals. Ex: sensory info, peripheral effectors |
| Know the differences between Type A, Type B, and TYPE C fibers. | Unmyelinated/ small diameter/ slow speed/ carry slower info. Ex: involuntary muscle, gland controls. |
| 33. What are gray matter and white matter? | Gray: contains more cell bodies & fewer myelinated axons/ White: contains more long- range myelinated axons and fewer cell bodies. |
| 4. Understand how bones function as levers. | Muscles attached to skeleton produce motion/ Type of muscle attachment affects power, range, and speed of muscle mv |
| 5. Understand the following terms: FULCRUM, applied force (AF) and load (L) | A Fixed point |
| Understand the following terms: fulcrum, APPLIED FORCE (AF) and load (L) | Muscles provide effort |
| Understand the following terms: fulcrum, applied force (AF) and LOAD (L) | Required to overcome ____ |
| 6. In terms of the human body, what are the levers? | Bones |
| 7. In terms of the human body, what are the fulcrums? | Joints |
| 8. In terms of the human body, where does the applied force come from? | Muscles |
| 9. Understand the differences between FIRST, second, and third class levers. Where are the fulcrum, applied force, and load in relation to one another? | Ex- Seesaw or teeter-totter/ Fulcrum is btwn AF and L/ AF and L go in opposite directions |
| 9. Understand the differences between first, SECOND, and third class levers. Where are the fulcrum, applied force, and load in relation to one another? | Ex- Wheelbarrow/ L is btwn AF and fulcrum/ AF and L go in the same direction/ Very efficient- a small force moves a large weight |
| 9. Understand the differences between first, second, and THIRD class levers. Where are the fulcrum, applied force, and load in relation to one another? | Ex- Flexion of arm/ most common levers in body/ AF and L go in the same direction/ most inefficient lever- greater force is required to move a smaller load/ Maximizes speed and distance traveled |
| 10. Be able to identify a first, second, or third class lever given a picture or description. | |
| 14. What is the name of the movement produced when a particular muscle contracts? | Action/ Ex- Flexion, extension, adduction, etc |
| 15. Understand how agonists, antagonists, and synergists work together. | Agonist (prime mover) Produces a particular mvmt/ Antagonist opposes mvmt of a particular agonist/ Synergist is a smaller muscle that assists a larger joint. Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist |
| What are the three types of muscle tissue? | Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle |
| 2. What is included in the “muscular system?” | Only skeletal muscles |
| 3. Why are skeletal muscles called so? | Attached to the skeletal system and allow us to move |
| 4. What are six functions of skeletal muscle tissue? | Produce skeletal mvmt/ Maintain posture and body position/ Support soft tissues/ Guard entrances and exits/ Maintain body temp/ Store nutrient reserves |
| 5. Know the three layers of skeletal muscle connective tissue, including what they surround. | Endomysium- Surrounds individual muscle cells |
| Know the three layers of skeletal muscle connective tissue, including what they surround. | Perimysium- Surrounds Fascicles |
| Know the three layers of skeletal muscle connective tissue, including what they surround. | Epimysium- Surrounds entire muscles |
| 7. Why do muscles need so much blood? (hint: oxygen and nutrients) | Supply large amounts of oxygen/ supply nutrients/ carry away wastes |
| 6. The three layers of connective tissue come together at the ends of muscles to form what? | A Tendon- Bundle of connective tissue |
| 9. Why do skeletal muscle cells have many nuclei? | because of the fusion of mesodermal cells called myoblasts |
| 10. What type of cells fuse to form skeletal muscle cells? | Myoblasts |
| 13. What are the lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fibers? | Myofibrils |
| 14. What are the two types of protein filaments within myofibrils and what are they made of? | Thin filaments- actin & troponin// Thick filaments- Myosin |
| 16. Know all of the bands and structures of the sarcomere, including what they are made of. | A Band- Has M line (Center of the A band, midline of sarcomere)/ H Band- Area around M line, has only thick filaments/ Zone of overlap- Densest, darkest area where both filaments overlap |
| 16. Know all of the bands and structures of the sarcomere, including what they are made of. | I Band has Z lines ( centeres of the I bands at two ends of sarcomere)/ Titin- Strands of protien that stabilize the filaments and reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z lin |
| 17. How does myosin interact with actin to cause contraction? (hint: myosin pulls on actin) | Myosin heads interact with actin filaments, forming cross-bridges, pivot to produce motion. The width of the A zone stays the same. Z lines move closer together |
| 18. What is the neuromuscular junction? | Special intercellular connection btwn nervous system and skeletal muscle fiber. Your nervous system talked to your muscles and tells them to contract by controlling the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm |
| 19. What must be released into the sarcoplasm in order for myosin and actin to interact? | Calcium |
| 24. What are some differences between cardiac muscle cells and SKELETAL muscle cells? | Skeletal muscles are VOLUNTARY muscles controlled by the nerves of the CNS/ Become long & large/ 100s of nuclei |
| What are some differences between CARDIAC muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells? | Cardiac muscles are small, has one nucleus, has intercalated disk. Striated and found only in the heart |
| 25. What characteristics of SMOOTH muscle make it different from the other types of muscle tissue? | Smooth muscle has nonstriated tissue. INVOLUNTARY muscle. Forms in or around other tissues. In many systems: Integumentary, digestive, urinary, reproductive, glandular systems, blood vessels and airways |
| Know all of the structures (thin/thick filaments and titin), zones, lines, and bands of a sarcomere (slide 24). |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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