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Anatomy Study Set 3
Chapters 6-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the primary differences in function and location between axial and appendicular muscles? | Axial muscles are located along the body’s midline (axial skeleton) and they are primarily responsible for movements of the head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular muscles, on the other hand, are associated with the body’s appendicular skeleton (limbs and gi |
| How does the structure of axial muscles contribute to their role in maintaining posture and balance? | Axial muscles, such as the muscles of the back, are often postural muscles characterized by a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers. These fibers have a high capacity for generating sustained contractions, which is essential for maintaining posture and b |
| Can you explain the role of appendicular muscles in locomotion and manipulation? How do these roles differ in various species? | Appendicular muscles are crucial for locomotion and manipulation. They allow for a wide range of movements at the joints, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. In different species, these muscles may be adapted for specific ty |
| What are some common disorders or injuries that can affect the axial and appendicular muscles, and how are they typically treated? | Common disorders affecting these muscles include strains, sprains, and muscular dystrophy. Strains and sprains are usually treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), along with physical therapy. Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder tha |
| How does aging affect the strength and functionality of axial and appendicular muscles, and what interventions can help mitigate these effects? | Aging can lead to a decrease in muscle mass and strength, a process known as sarcopenia. This can affect both axial and appendicular muscles, leading to difficulties with balance, mobility, and daily activities. Interventions to mitigate these effects inc |
| What are the main divisions of the nervous system and their functions? | The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for processing and coordinating information received from all parts |
| How do neurons communicate with each other? | Neurons communicate with each other through a process called synaptic transmission. When an electrical signal, or action potential, reaches the end of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), it triggers the release of neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitter |
| What is the role of the autonomic nervous system? | The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, and more. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| What are some common disorders of the nervous system and how are they typically treated? | Common disorders of the nervous system include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Treatments vary widely depending on the specific disorder and can include medication, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, and in so |
| How does the nervous system interact with other systems in the body? | The nervous system interacts with virtually all other systems in the body. For example, it works with the endocrine system to regulate hormone production, with the muscular system to control movement, and with the digestive system to regulate the process |
| What are the main components of the CNS, PNS, and ANS? | The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes all the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The ANS, a part of the PNS, is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which control involuntary |
| How do the CNS, PNS, and ANS interact with each other? | The CNS receives and processes information from the PNS and sends out commands to the body through the PNS. The ANS, as a part of the PNS, carries out these commands to regulate involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. |
| What are some common disorders that can affect the CNS, PNS, and ANS? | Disorders of the CNS can include conditions like stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The PNS can be affected by conditions like peripheral neuropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Disorders of the ANS can include conditions like orthostati |
| How does damage to the CNS, PNS, and ANS affect the body’s functioning? | Damage to the CNS can result in cognitive impairments, motor function issues, and sensory disturbances. Damage to the PNS can lead to weakness, numbness, and pain, usually in the hands and feet. Damage to the ANS can disrupt the regulation of heart rate, |
| What are some current research directions in understanding the functions and disorders of the CNS, PNS, and ANS? | Current research in these areas includes studying the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to neurological disorders, developing new diagnostic tools and treatments, and investigating the complex interactions between different parts of the ne |
| What are the main functions of the heart and blood in the human body? | The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. Blood supplies oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues and removes waste products. It also plays a crucial role in immunity and temperature regulation. |
| How does the heart pump blood throughout the body? | The heart pumps blood through a sequence of contractions and relaxations known as the cardiac cycle. During the contraction phase (systole), blood is pumped out of the heart into the circulatory system. During the relaxation phase (diastole), the heart fi |
| What are the components of blood and their functions? | Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infections, platelets help with clotting, and plasma is the liquid component that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste |
| What are some common disorders that can affect the heart and blood? | Common disorders of the heart include coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Blood disorders can include anemia, leukemia, and clotting disorders such as deep vein thrombosis. |
| How can lifestyle choices impact the health of the heart and blood? | Lifestyle choices significantly impact heart and blood health. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, not smoking, and moderating alcohol intake can all contribute to good cardiovascular health. Conversely, sedentary behavior, poor diet, smoking, and excessiv |
| How does the endocrine system regulate bodily functions? | The endocrine system regulates bodily functions through the secretion of hormones. These hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body. They regulate various functions including metabolism, grow |
| What is the endocrine system? | The endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands. These glands, located all over your body, create and secrete (release) hormones. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in your body by carrying messages through your blo |
| What does the endocrine system do and how does it work? | Your endocrine system continuously monitors the amount of hormones in your blood. Hormones affect nearly every process in your body, including metabolism, growth and development, emotions and mood, fertility and sexual function, and sleep. Sometimes gland |
| What are the parts of the endocrine system? | The endocrine system is made up of organs called glands. Glands produce and release different hormones that target specific things in the body. You have glands all over your body, including in your neck, brain, and reproductive organs. Some glands are tin |
| What are the functions of the endocrine system? | The hormones created and released by the glands in your body’s endocrine system control nearly all the processes in your body. These chemicals help coordinate your body’s functions, from metabolism to growth and development, emotions, mood, sexual functio |
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? | The lymphatic system has three main functions: to drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and carry out immune responses |
| How is a lymphatic capillary different from a blood capillary? | Lymphatic capillaries begin at a dead end, are thinner, do not have a basement membrane, are larger in diameter, and overlap to create a one-way valve |
| What happens to lymph once it finishes circulating through the body? | Lymph returns to venous circulation |
| Which lymphatic organ has the largest amount of lymphatic tissue? | The spleen has the largest amount of lymphatic tissue |
| How is a primary lymphatic organ different from a secondary lymphatic organ? | Primary lymphatic organs are where cells mature, while secondary lymphatic organs are where the immune response occurs |
| What is a pathogen? | A pathogen is an agent that can cause disease. Most human pathogens are microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses |
| What is the purpose of the immune system? | The purpose of the immune system is to defend the human body from pathogens and cancerous cells. |
| What are antigens? | Antigens are proteins that bind to specific receptors on immune system cells and elicit an adaptive immune response. Generally, they are non-self molecules on pathogens or infected cells1. |
| What is tumor surveillance? | Tumor surveillance is an important role of the immune system in which killer T cells of the adaptive immune system find and destroy tumor cells, which they can identify from their abnormal antigens. |
| What cell type in the immune system is infected and killed by HIV? | Helper T cells are the cell type in the immune system that is infected and killed by HIV. |
| What is respiration, as carried out by the respiratory system? | Respiration is the process in which oxygen moves from the outside air into the body and carbon dioxide and other waste gases move from inside the body into the outside air. It involves ventilation and gas exchange |
| Describe the respiratory tract. | The respiratory tract is a continuous system of passages that carry air into and out of the body. It has two major divisions: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract |
| Where does gas exchange take place? | Gas exchange takes place only in the lungs. Lung tissue consists mainly of tiny air sacs called alveoli, which is where gas exchange takes place between air in the alveoli and the blood in capillaries surrounding them |
| Explain how the rate of breathing is controlled. | The rate of breathing is controlled by the nervous system. The level of carbon dioxide in the blood is monitored by cells in the brain. If the level becomes too high, it triggers a faster rate of breathing, which lowers the level to the normal range. The |
| Why does the respiratory system need the cardiovascular system to help it perform its main function of gas exchange? | The respiratory system exchanges gases with the outside air, but it needs the cardiovascular system to carry the gases to and from cells throughout the body |
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Time2nurse
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