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A&P Final Pt 1

QuestionAnswer
What is all matter made of? Anything that takes up space
2. What are atoms made of? Matter. Joined together to form chemicals with different characteristics
3. Where are each of the subatomic particles located within the atom? Nucleus contains protons and neutrons/ Electron cloud contains electrons
4. What is an element? Determined by the atomic number of an atom/ Most basic chemicals and building blocks of matter/ Atomic #= # of protons
5. What are the four major elements that make up 96.5% of your body’s mass? Oxygen/ Calcium/, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
6. What are the three major types of chemical bonds? Ionic, covalent, hydrogen bonds
7. How is an ionic bond formed? Where does the attraction come from? Forms btwn cations (electron doner) and anions (electron ions)/ opposite charges
8. What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? Ionic bonds donates an electron/ Covalent bond shares electrons equally
9. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of … Electron pairs between two atoms
10. Understand the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Polar is unequal sharing (stronger pull)/ Nonpolar= share (equal pull)
11. What is always required to form a new chemical bond? Energy!
12. What is always released when a chemical bond is broken? Energy!
13. Chemical bonds are a form of ________. Energy storage
14. What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? Molecules based on hydrogen & carbon (carbs, proteins, lipids)
15. What are four types of inorganic compounds that are important in the body? (water, acids, bases, salts) Non- hydrogen & carbon molecules (O2, H2O, carbon monoxide, salts)
16. Define: solution Uniform mix of 2 or more substances
16. Define: solvent Medium
16. Define: solute Atoms, ions, or molecules of another substance
17. What is the difference between a HYDROPHILIC substance and a hydrophobic substance? Loves water. Includes ions and polar molecules
18. What does pH measure? Number btwn 0-14 represents concentration of hydrogen ions
19. What is the numerical range of the pH scale? 0-14
20. What are the four major classes of organic compounds in the human body? Carbs, lipids, proteins, amino acids
21. What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body? (handout) Energy source
22. What is the function of triglycerides in the body? (handout) Energy source, insulation, protection
What is the function of phospholipids in the body? (handout) Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails. Structural lipids
Understand how the structure of phospholipids makes the cell membrane waterproof. Keeps too much water from entering the cells
What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acids (20)
What is the function of DNA? Instructions for all of an organisms traits
What is the function of RNA? Makes copies of DNA and transports
. In DNA, which nitrogenous bases pair with each other (what are the complementary base pairs)? AT GC/ AU GC
What is released when ATP is broken down into ADP? Stored energy
Where does the human body get energy for most activities? Breakdown of ATP within cells
Cells are the ________ of life. Building blocks
What is extracellular fluid? Watery medium. Body fluid outside cells
What are the three major regions of a cell? Plasma membrane/ cytoplasm/ nucleus
What are the functions of the plasma membrane? Physical isolation/ Regulation of exchange with the environment/ Sensitivity to the environment/ Structural support
Why is the phospholipid bilayer effective at making the cell water-resistant? Has hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails/ Barrier to ions and water- soluble compounds
Materials move into or out of cells in “transport pods” called ____________. Vesicles
What is included in the cytoplasm? All materials inside the cell and outside the nucleus
What is the function of ribosomes? Build polypeptides in protein synthesis
What is the function of mitochondria? Produces ATP
Why do all cells require oxygen? In order to function
What is the function of the nucleus? Cell's control center. Contains the genetic material that determines the entire structure and function of that cell.
Why does DNA need to be tightly packed? Because it's very long (5ft)
What is the genetic code? What is a gene? The chemical language of DNA instructions (ATCG)// DNA instructions for one protein
How does the nucleus control the cell? Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA/ DNA stores genetic instructions for proteins/ proteins determine cell structure and function/ Cell function ultimately determines organism function
Why is protein synthesis significant? process by which our cells create proteins, and it’s essential for everything from cell growth to immune function.
What are the three major steps of protein synthesis? Transcription/ Translation/ Protein processing
In diffusion, solutes move from areas of ______ concentration to areas of _______ concentration. High/ Low
What is osmosis? Diffusion of water across the cell membrane under the right conditions
What are the three stages of somatic cell division? What happens during each? DNA replication/ Mitosis/ Cytokinesis
Define: mitosis Divides genetic material equally
Define: cytokinesis Divides cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells
Know what happens during each of the stages of the cell life cycle, including Interphase (including G0, G1, S, and G2 phases), Mitosis (including prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis.
What are stem cells? Specialized cells that divide rapidly and can differentiate to become many different types of cells
What is differentiation? process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
Cancer is a result of __________. Abnormal cell division
17. What is the difference between a hydrophilic substance and a HYDROPHOBIC substance? Fears water. Includes fats, oils, nonpolar
What is ANATOMY? Describes the functions (forms) of the body
What is PHYSIOLOGY? Functions of the anatomical structures
How do they relate to each other? Function follows form
Know all 11 organ systems and their major organs and functions (from the slides). Digestive/ Respiratory/ Cardiovascular/ Urinary/ Reproductive/ Endocrine/ Nervous/ Skeletal/ Muscular/ Integumentary/ Lymphatic/ (DR CURE N SMIL)
Organs that work together are grouped into ___________. Organ systems
The structure and function of each level of biological organization determines what? Determines the structure & function of the next level
Know each of the processes that define human life. (slide 24) Organization/ Metabolism/ Responsiveness/ Movement/ Development/ Growth/ Reproduction
What is homeostasis and why is it important to maintain? All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
A- / An- / Anano- not, against
Dia- Complete
Ecto- Outer, outside
Hyper- Too much, excessive
Hypo- Too little, below normal
Peri- Around, surrounding
Pro- Before, in front
Retro- Behind
Sub- Below
Trans- Through, across
–algia Pain
–cyte Cell
–ectomy Removal
–emia Blood condition
–itis Inflammation
–oma Tumor, mass
-opsy To view
Describe the essential functions of the body cavities Protect organs from accidental shocks/ Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
Know all Sectional Planes Frontal/ Sagittal (midsagittal, parasagittal)/ Transverse
Created by: Clinton Perdue
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