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Anatomy Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 4 vessels, 4 chambers, and 4 valves in order of blood flow | chambers: L atrium, R atrium, L ventricle, R ventricle Vessels: pulmonary vein, aorta, pulmonary artery, S/I vena cava Valves: mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary valve |
| Which chamber(s) of the heart, valves, and 2 vessels carry oxygenated blood? | left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary vein, aorta, mitral valve, aortic valve |
| what is the scientific name for the scientific name for the chest cavity? | thoracic cavity |
| what separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity | diaphragm |
| where, on the body, is the apical pulse taken? | on the chest, through a stethascope |
| plural of atrium | atria |
| where are the pulmonary arteries carrying blood to? | the lungs |
| where are the pulmonary veins carrying blood to? | left atrium |
| which carries oxygenated blood? the pulmonary artery or the pulmonary vein? | pulmonary vein |
| which of the following is attached to the diaphragm? - visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, pericardial effusion, parietal pericardium | parietal pericardium |
| the base of the heart is located? | posterosuperorly |
| another name for the visceral pericardium is.. | epicardium |
| name the 3 layers of the HEART from the interior to the exterior | endocardium, myocardium, epicardium |
| what is the middle layer of the heart specifically made of? | cardiac muscle |
| name the 3 layers of the PERICARDIUM from the interior to the exterior | visceral pericardium, pericardial cavity, parietal paracardium |
| what is contained in the pericardial cavity and what is the function of the substance | fluid, to prevent friction |
| why is fat necessary on the epicardium? | to protect the heart |
| why are the coronary arteries located on the epicardium? | they provide bloodflow to the heart to function, so their on the outside, away from where the heart pumps other blood |
| what can happen if the coronary arteries are blocked? | blood cant get to areas of myocardium |
| name the 5 types of blood vessels of the systemic circulatory system in order from the aorta | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| which great vessel returns the blood from the arms to the heart | superior vena cava |
| explain the steps of atherosclerosis formation of a plaque and then to a myocardial infarction | plaque builds up&damages coronary wall, white blood cells come tofix damage, WBC fill up w/ cholesterol and create lump, narrowing blood flow, red blood cells get trapped in narrowing, clots, blood supply from artery to heart muscle is cut off, muscledies |
| what is the difference between an aneurysm and cardiac ischemia and what can cause both? | CI = narrowing of heart arteries, WBC fill w/ cholesterol & narrow arteries Aneurism = caused by atherosclerosis |
| which chamber pumps at the same time as the right atrium? | left atrium |
| which valves are open when the right atrium and the other chamber pump? | mitral and tricuspid valves |
| what does the term pulmonary mean? | lungs |
| what does the term coronary mean? | heart |
| what does the term cardiac mean? | heart |
| patient is complaining of angina pectoris, she has coronary ischemia, you are worried about a coronary thrombosis causing a myocardial infarction. | complaining of chest pain, has narrowing arteries, your worried about blood clotting causing heart attack |
| if your patient has troponin in his blood, what does this indicate and why? | he had a heart attack recently, because heart muscle has died |
| name the atrioventricular valves and give the location of each | Mitral: between L atrium & L ventricle tricuspid: between the R atrium and R ventricle |
| name the semilunar valves and give the location of each | pulmonary: between R ventricle & pulmonary artery Aortic: L ventricle & aorta |
| when the ventricles contract what happens to the AV valves and the semilunar valves? | the AV valve close and semilunar valve open |
| which chamber pumps at the same time as the left ventricle? | right atrium |
| if valve regurgitation or insufficiency or prolapse occurs how would the sound of this is detected? | stethoscope |
| the general term for an improperly functioning valve is? | heart murmur |
| what is the scientific name for valve narrowing? | stenosis |
| angioplasty balloon surgery, stents, and bypass surgery are all used to prevent what condition? | myocardial infarction |
| what happens in a newborn if the Ligamentum arteriosum is not formed at birth and there is a patent ductus arteriosus and how can this be corrected? | deoxygenated blood gets to the body; can be corrected by putting a clip on the patent ductus arteriosus in order to close it |
| S1 is the first heart sound "lub" is caused by? | AV valves closing |
| S2 the second heart sound "dub" is caused by? | semilunar valves closing |
| patient A has a heart murmur of 1 and patient B has a heart murmur of 6. which patient needs a follow up appointment and why? | patient B because level 5/6 is when you need to be worried about it |
| if a heart valve is damaged, what is the treatment? | replace with artificial valve; either biological or mechanical valve |
| Systemic circulation: | body |
| pulmonary circulation: | lungs |
| coronary circulation | heart |
| myocardial infarction | heart attack |
| thrombosis | blood clot |
| atherosclerosis | plaque in arteries |
| Ischemia | narrowing of a vessel |
| troponin | present in blood after a myocardial infarction |
| angina pectoris | chest pain |
| varicose veins | dilated veins with broken valves |
| aneurysm | ballooning of an artery |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| hypertention | high blood pressure |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| what drugs can be taken to decrease blood clotting in the blood vessels? | aspirin, pradaxa, and coumadin |
| do humans have cell walls? | NO |
| name & give the abbreviation for the pacemaker area of the heart | sinoatrial node; SA node |
| state the specific location of the natural pacemaker area of the heart | in the right atrium |
| what type of signal comes from the pacemaker | electrical |
| name the 2 places the signal goes in immediately after leaving the pacemaker | the atria and the AV node |
| what is the name of the instrument used to detect the signal spreading from the pacemaker | ECG |
| what part of the ECG denotes the signal spread from the pacemaker? | P-wave |
| name the atrioventricular valves and give the location of each | the tricuspid valve: between R atrium and R ventricle mitral valve: between L atrium and L ventricle |
| which statement is true about the AV valves | the AV valves are open as the signal spreads from the pacemaker |
| what is the first specific physical event of the signal spreading from the pacemaker cause? | contraction of the atrium |
| what part of an ECG appears in multiples if the patient has an atria electrical problem? what would the patient have if they present this issue? | P wave; atrial flutter |
| an electrical signal can travel directly from the atria to the ventricles: T/F | False |
| when the signal reaches the AV node why is it then sent to the Apex of the heart? | because the ventricles pump from the bottom up |
| which node directly signals the ventricles to contract? | AV node/bundle of HIS |
| what is the name of the fibers that make up the AV bundle/bundle of HIS? | purkinje fibers |
| what is the name of the part of the heart that the AV bundles travel down to reach the apex of the heart? | interventricular septum |
| what part of the ECG denotes the signal moving across the ventricles | QRS complex |
| when the ventricles contract what happens to the AV valves and the semilunar valves | AV valves close and semilunar valves open |
| What does the T wave represent | the ventricles electricity going back to normal |
| name the semilunar valves and give location of each | Aortic Valve: between left ventricle and Aorta Pulmonary valve: between R ventricle and pulmonary artery |
| Name for the contraction phase on the cardiac cycle: | systole |
| Name of the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle | dystole |
| What increase heart rate | fever |
| when a patient has a slow heartbeat, its called... | bradycardia |
| what is the instrument used to detect atrial flutter/atrial fibrillation | ECG |
| Difference between atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation | flutter: heart beat is organized fibrillation: heart beat is not organized |
| what does a defibrillator do to the heart and why? | it stops the heart so it can restart and the SA node can take over again |
| which of the following is true abt the spleen? -It has no function, rupturing is not life threatening, spleen removes old/damaged RBC, can be removed and will live, or both 2 & 3 | Both 2 and 3: the spleen removes old and damaged RBC, and it can be removed and the patient will live |
| Brachial artery | upper arm |
| common carotid artery | neck |
| femoral artery | leg |
| hepatic portal vein | Liver |
| jugular vein | Neck |
| radial artery | wrist |
| renal artery | kidney |
| vena cava | entering the heart |
| list the types of blood vessels in order for circulation through the body | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| only vessels to allow material to enter/leave the circulatory system = | capillaries |
| wrapped in a layer of smooth muscle = | arteries |
| uses skeletal muscle for blood flow... | veins |
| contains valves... | veins |
| only allows RBC cells to pass through one at a time = | Capillaries |
| carries RBC | arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| used to draw blood... | veins |
| used to take a pulse/blood pressure... | arteries |
| cancer of WBC = | leukemia |
| low number of RBC = | anemia |
| damaged capillaries and venules = | bruise |
| what contains iron | RBC |
| what is used for protection from infection | WBC |
| what is used to carry oxygen | RBC |
| What is used to determine blood type | RBC |
| What clots blood | Platelets |
| what is the liquid portion of blood | platelets |
| erythrocytes = | RBC |
| leukocytes = | WBC |
| has 5 different types of cells = | WBC |
| Thrombocytes = | Platelets |
| contains hemoglobin instead of a nucleus | RBC |
| Each RBC contains _________ hemoglobin molecules | 270,000,000 |
| Basophils ... | involved in allergic reactions |
| eosinophils ... | deals with parasites |
| lymphocytes ... | have 3 types: T cells, B cells, and killer cells |
| monocytes ... | involved in phagocytosis and attach pathogens to T cells |
| neutrophils ... | deals with bacteria and viruses |
| what does mmHg mean and what does it measure? | millimeters of mercury; blood pressure |
| what does the body use iron to make? | hemoglobin |
| name a food that is a good source of iron | chicken liver |
| The patient has type AB- blood but the hospital only has O+ blood. Whill there be a successful transfusion? Explain | NO, positive blood cannot go to negative recipients |
| the patient has type A+ blood and the hospital has O+ blood. Will this be successful, explain? | Yes, because both are positive and O can go to A |
| the patient has type AB+ blood and the hospital has B+ blood. Will this be successful? | Yes, AB+ can except all types of blood |
| What type of blood can be given to all patients? | O- |
| If the person has the A receptor and not the B receptor and not the RH receptors, what is the blood type? | A- |
| List the steps in order: | AV valves open, Electricalsignal Leaves SA node, E.S. goes across the atria, Atria contract, E.S. leave AV node, E.S. spreads across ventricles, Ventricles contract,AV valves close,semilunar valves open,ventricles relax, semilunar valves close |
| What is ECG an abbreviation for? | Electrocardiogram |
| During inhalation... | diaphragm CONTRACTS and moves inferiorly towards the abdominal cavity |
| intercostal muscle relaxation causes... | increased thoracic volume |
| what bones are connected to the intercostal muscles? | ribs |
| the pressure inside the thoracic cavity __________ causing the lungs to ________ | decreases causing.... inflate |
| during exhalation | diaphragm relaxes and moves superiorly towards the thoracic cavity |
| list the pathway from external --> lungs starting with the nose | nose, nasal sinuses, oronasal pharynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, breachea, breacheoli, avioli |
| what is the function of nose hair? | to catch debris |
| what is the function of nasal surface blood vessels? | to warm the air |
| what are the functions of mucus in the respiratory system? | to help get all the debris out & moisten air |
| what is the function of respiratory system cilia | little hairs that move mucus w/ debris outwards |
| What is the specific function of sneezing? | irratation in the respiratory system causing a need for forceful removal |
| state the name and location of the 4 nasal sinuses | Frontal: above eyes ethmoidal: between eyes Maxillary: under eyes sphenoid: behind eyes |
| T or F: all the air can NOT be removed from the lungs with a vigorous exhale? | True |
| Where is the sense of smell processed? | the brain |
| most "taste is actually... | smell |
| most smells come in through the... | nares |
| what is the function of Eustachian tubes? | control pressure |
| how can a bacterial infection of the throat lead to an ear infection? | The bacteria from the throat travels into the eustachian tubes and middle ear |
| if tonsils and adenoids are only swollen during an infection should they be removed? why/why not?? | No, they should only be removed if always swollen |
| what bone is attached to the epiglottis | the hyoid bone |
| Explain specifically why it is unsafe to talk with a mouth full of food. | When you talk your larynx & epiglottis opens, and if you have food in your mouth then the food could go into your larynx and lungs and cause you to choke |
| what anatomically causes adult males to have deep voices? | a bigger larynx |
| what is the specific function of coughing? | expel and clear irritants from the respiratory system |
| what is the function of cartilage rings in the trachea | to hold the shape and keep it open |
| what temporarily happens in a smokers lungs every time he/she smokes and why is that a problem? | it temporarily paralizes the cilia, causing it to not be able to move mucus up and out of the lungs |
| explain external respiration | capillaries give avioli CO2 and capillaries receive O2 from avioli |
| explain internal respiration | cells give capillaries CO2 and capillaries give cells O2 in exchange |
| explain cellular respiration | mitochondria gets O2 and releases CO2 and ATP |
| Name the pleural layers | parietal pleura, pleura cavity, and visceral pleura |
| what is in the pleural cavity and what is its function? | fluid, to prevent friction and allow movement |
| how many loves make up each lung? | Left: 2 Right: 3 |
| what cavity contains the lungs? | thoracic cavity |
| Why can't CO2 be in the blood? | Because its a gas & our body cannot process gases |
| Explain what high levels of H+ Ions in the blood and CSF indicates about the level of CO2: | High CO2 |
| How can high levels of H+ Ions in the blood be decreased? | increased breathing rate |
| explain the difference between the tidal volume and vital compacity | Tidal volume: is 1 normal inhale & exhale Vital compacity: max in 1 inhale/exhale |
| what is the function of goblet cells | to make mucus |
| Explain what has really happened when a person has a "Collapsed lung" and why this is a problem. | penetrated thoracic cavity; cannot build negative pressure |
| Name the parts of a lungs (6) | apex, superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, base, oblique fissure |
| Name the 13 parts of the heart | Superior VC, Inferior VC, R atrium, R ventrical, L atrium, L Ventricle, Accending Aorta, L pulmonary vein, Pulmonary trunk, ligamentum arteriosus, coronary sulcus, coronary veins, apex |
| What are the 3 arteries coming out of the aorta? (L-R) | brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery |
| which lung has a cardiac notch? | left |
| which lung has 3 lobes? | right |
| which cells and structures in those cells carries oxygen in the blood? | RBC and hemoglobin |
| if a patient has blood acidosis, which body system is not functioning properly? | the respiratory system |
| what is used to measure lung capacity in a medical setting? | spirometer |
| what is the name for the space between the lungs? | mediastinum |
Created by:
JaidenLuke
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