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Guisela Morrow

Anatomy- SCI220-17 Weeks 1-5

TermDefinition
Anatomy Anatomy is often defined as study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts. The word anatomy is derived from Greek word parts that mean “to cut apart.” S
Physiology Physiology is the science that deals with the functions of the living organism and its parts. The term physiology is a combination of two Greek words (physis, “nature,” and logos, “words or study”).
Homeostasis A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.
Cells Cells are the smallest and most numerous structural units that possess and exhibit the basic characteristics of living matter. How many cells are there in the body? an estimate number of cells in a 150-pound adult human body is 100,000,000,000,000
Tissue Tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit
Organ Is a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function.
System A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body.
Lumen Many organs of the body are hollow, such as the stomach, small in-testine, airways of the lungs, blood vessels, urinary organs, and so on. The hollow area of any of these organs is called the lumen.
Proximal / Distal Proximal means “toward or nearest the trunk of the body, or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts” Distal means “away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part.”
Medial / Lateral Medial means “toward the midline of the body” Lateral means “toward the side of the body, or away from its midline.”
Medullary / Cortical Medullary refers to an inner region or core of an organ. Cortical refers to an outer region or layer of an organ.
Axial / Appendicular The axial portion of the body consists of the head, neck, and torso, or trunk. The appendicu-lar portion of the body consists of the upper and lower extremities and their connections to the axial portion
Atom n atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element. Atoms combine to form molecules, which then interact to form solids, gases, or liquids.
Catabolism Catabolism describes chemical reactions that break down larger food molecules into smaller chemical units and, in so doing, often release energy.
Anabolism Anabolism involves the many chemical reactions that build larger and more complex chemical molecules from smaller subunits
Major groups of organic substances in the body 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids and related molecules
Proteins Most abundant organic compounds, contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Carbohydrates Primary source of chemical energy needed by every body cell. In addition, carbohydrates serve a structural role as components of such critically important molecules as RNA and DNA, which are involved in cell reproduction and protein synthesis.
Lipids are water-insoluble organic bio-molecules. Lipids ordinarily do not dissolve in water because lipid molecules are generally nonpolar. Lipids are composed largely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Stuctural Proteins form the structure of the cells, tissues, and organs of the body. Various unique shapes and compositions such as flexible strands, elastic strands, and waterproof layers allow structural proteins to form the many different building blocks of the body.
Functional Proteins Functional proteins are chemists. The unique shape of each func-tional protein allows it to fit with certain other chemicals and cause some change in the molecules.
Amino Acids Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life.
DNA DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual.
RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses. It is made up of nucleotides, which are ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups.
ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
Plasma Membrane Serves as the boundary of the cell, maintains its integrity; protein molecules embedded in plasma membrane perform various functions
Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
Golgi Apparatus AKA Golgi body is a type of organelle (i.e., a structure located in the cell) that processes and packages proteins and lipid molecules,
Mitochondria The “powerhouses of the cell,” mitochondria produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Cell Nucleus Most vital organelle within the cell. It contains the genetic material, the DNA, which is liable for controlling and directing all the activities of the cell. All the RNAs needed for the cell are synthesised within the nucleus.
Nucleolus The main function of nucleolus is to produce and assemble subunits which form the ribosome. Ribosome is the site for protein synthesis. Nucleolus plays an indirect but crucial role in protein synthesis by assembling the ribosome subunits.
Ribosomes A ribosome is a complex macromolecular structure in the cell which is involved in the process of translation. This is an essential function of all living cells, allowing for the production of proteins and all manner of biological structures.
Created by: GMorrow
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