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A&P II Ch. 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the endocrine system regulate? | Growth, Development, Reproduction |
| 2. What types of messengers does the endocrine system use? What other system is this similar to? | Chemical messengers to relay info and instructions between cells// Like the nervous system |
| 3. What are the four types of intercellular communication (discussed in the slides) and how are they different? | Direct communication/ Exchange of ions and molecules btwn adjacent cells across gap junctions/ btwn two same type cells/ highly specialized and relatively rare/ used in heart |
| 3. What are the four types of intercellular communication (discussed in the slides) and how are they different? | Paracrine communication/ Uses chemical signals to transfer info from cell to cell within a SINGLE tissue/ Most common form of intercellular communication throughout the body |
| 3. What are the four types of intercellular communication (discussed in the slides) and how are they different? | Synaptic Communication/ Used by nervous system & limited to a very specific area/ occurs btwn neurons across synaptic clefts/ neurotransmitter when released at a synapse |
| 3. What are the four types of intercellular communication (discussed in the slides) and how are they different? | Endocrine Communication/ releases hormones into bloodstream/ Alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously |
| 4. Which type of intercellular communication does the endocrine system employ? The nervous system? | Hormones/ Neurotransmitters |
| 5. What is a target cell in the endocrine system? | Specific cells around the body that posses receptors needed to bind and interpret hormonal messages |
| 6. What are three possible changes caused by hormones within target cells? | Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins/ Incr or decr rate of synth of products within the cell/ Turn a process within the cell up/down or on/off |
| 7. Why do bound steroid hormones remain in circulation longer than free hormones? | They are attached to carrier proteins |
| 8. What is a hormone receptor? | Protein molecule to which a particular hormone molecule binds strongly/ can respond to several diff hormones & diff tissues have diff combinations of receptors |
| 9. The hormone receptors present on a cell determine what? | Hormonal sensitivity |
| 10. What are endocrine reflexes? How are they usually controlled? (negative feedback) | Responds to changes inside and outside the body and directs long-term, body-wide activities/ Negative feedback mechanisms |
| 11. What controls the endocrine system at the highest level? | Hypothalamus |
| 12. The hypothalamus works closely with what other structure? | Pituitary gland |
| 13. What are the three ways that the hypothalamus controls the endocrine system? | Production of hormones (ADH, OT) released into bloodstream from the post lobe of pituitary gland/ Production of regulatory hormones controls activity of anterior lobe of pituitary gland/ Send sympathetic cmmds to adrenal medullae (E&NE) |
| 14. What are the two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones and what are their functions? | Releasing Hormones (RH)- Stimulates synth and secretion of hormones at anterior lobe |
| 14. What are the two classes of hypothalamic regulatory hormones and what are their functions? | Inhibiting Hormones (IH)- Prevents synth and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe |
| 15. How is the rate of secretion of hypothalamic regulatory hormones controlled? | Negative feedback |
| 16. Where is the thyroid? | In the neck |
| 17. What are thyroid follicles? | Hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium/ Secrete thyroid hormones |
| 18. Which pituitary hormone stimulates production of thyroid hormones? | Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
| 19. What does it mean that thyroid hormones have a calorigenic effect? | Cells consume more energy resulting in incr heat generation/ has a strong, immediate, shot-lived increased cellular metabolism/ Affect most cells in body |
| 20. Understand the T3/T4 homeostasis figure from slide 30. Know what normal conditions are (homeostasis), how they are disturbed, and each step that is taken to restore homeostasis. | |
| 21. Where are the parathyroid glands located? | Embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland |
| 22. Understand the calcitonin homeostasis figure from slide 35. Know what homeostasis conditions are (don’t have | |
| 23. Understand the parathyroid hormone homeostasis figure from slide 36. Know what homeostasis conditions are (don’t have to know exact numbers), how they are disturbed, and each step that is taken to restore | |
| homeostasis. Know the general effects of parathyroid hormone secretion. | |
| 24. Where are the adrenal glands located? | Superior border of each kidney |
| 25. What are the two subdivisions of the adrenal glands? | Superficial adrenal cortex/ Inner adrenal medulla |
| 26. What hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what are the functions of it? | Melatonin/ influences circadian rhythms |
| 27. Which are far more abundant, exocrine pancreatic cells or endocrine pancreatic cells? | Exocrine pancreatic cells |
| 28. What type of substance is produced by the exocrine pancreas? | Produces alkaline, enzyme-rich fluid (digestive juice) |
| 29. What type of cells (alpha or beta) produce insulin? Glucagon? | Alpha produces glucagon/ Beta produces insulin |
| 30. Understand the insulin homeostasis figure from slide 56. Know what homeostasis conditions are (don’t have to | |
| 31. Understand the glucagon homeostasis figure, slide 57. Know what homeostasis conditions are (don’t have to know exact numbers), how they are disturbed, and each step that is taken to restore homeostasis. Know the general effects of glucagon secretion. | |
| 32. What is hyperglycemia? | Abnormally high glucose levels in the blood |
| 33. What characterizes diabetes? | By glucose concentrations high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys |
| 34. What is the difference between type I and type 2 diabetes? | Insulin dependent/ inadequate insulin production by pancreatic beta cells/ multi injections daily or continuous infusion/ 5%-10% of cases/ often develops in childhood |
| 35. Why does untreated diabetes damage the kidneys? | it overwhelms the filtration abilities of the kidneys b/c of excess glucose. This leads to poor blood quality |
| 36. Understand each of the possible complications of untreated diabetes. | Kidney degeneration, retinal damage, early heart attacks, peripheral nerve problems, peripheral nerve damage |
| 37. What is DKA? | Diabetic ketoacidosis: buildup of acids in blood when blood sugar remains too high for too long/ Vomiting, lethargy, coma, death |
| 38. What is gestational diabetes? | Can happen during pregnancy/ placenta produces hormones that counteract the effects of insulin/ it can be temporary |
| 39. Which organs also have secondary endocrine functions? | Intestines, kidneys, heart, thymus, gonads |
| 40. Know the secondary endocrine functions from slides 69 – 73. | |
| 41. Which hormones decrease in concentration with aging? | Growth & Reproductive hormones |
| 42. Know all information from the handout “Hormone List” posted on Canvas and provided in class. | |
| 34. What is the difference between type I and type 2 diabetes? | Non-insulin dependent/ most common form of diabetes/ tissues do not respond properly (insulin resistance)/ Associated with obesity |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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