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A&P quizzes ch. 5-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (T/F) The vocal cords work via constant movement during sound production, requiring the ability to be resilient and springy, stretching and moving without losing their shape. Knowing this, the vocal cords must be rich in elastin. | true |
| The cells rapidly divide and push older ones away from the basement membrane and up toward the free surface, similarly to skin. | stratified squamous epithelium |
| (T/F) Tissues are groups of cells that have a common overall function, yet are distinctive in their characteristic cell types and the molecules that the cells produce. | true |
| (T/F) The wall of the heart is made up of three layers, including the middle layer responsible for the heart's pumping action. These layers are all the same tissue type, epithelium. | false |
| (T/F) Histology is the study of anatomy and physiology | false |
| (T/F) The soft part of the nose and the supporting rings of the respiratory passages are composed of fibrocartilage. | false |
| (T/F) Osteocytes release histamine and heparin. | false |
| (T/F) Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma. | true |
| (T/F) The lubricating secretions of the walls of the thoracic cavity and the outsides of the lungs come from goblet cells. | false |
| (T/F) Peristalsis is the involuntary contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the digestive tract that assist in moving food and waste through. The muscles controlling peristalsis must be skeletal muscle. | false |
| (T/F) A Schwann cell is a structure that is attached to a neuron and is crucial to its function. It assists in the neuron’s function by speeding up the rate of signal transduction. Schwann cells are neuroglia. | true |
| which type of not one of the 4 basic types of body tissues. | eye tissue |
| what is used to name tissue types? | organization of cells |
| the epidermis needs to be tough and resistant to shearing and stretching. the type of intercellular junction best suited for this is a ... | desmosome |
| the skin is composed of an outer later of epithelial tissue, the epidermis, and an inner layer of connective tissue, the dermis. between the lowest layer of the epidermis and top layer of dermis is the ... | basement membrane |
| what is the tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages | mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified |
| which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| areolar contains ... | collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance |
| cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because... | chondrocytes do not have direct blood supplies |
| what is cellular fragments | platelets |
| a general characteristic of connective tissue is that it... | consists of cells within extracellular material |
| a mutation occurs that prevents the formation of intercalated disks. what muscular structure will be directly affected? | the heart |
| the muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled is... | skeletal muscle tissue |
| what best describes a characteristic of nervous tissue | some of its cells send electrochemical messages |
| (T/F) the skin is one of the larger organs in the body by weight. | true |
| (T/F) in healthy skin, the production of epidermal cells is closely balanced with the loss of skin cells | true |
| (T/F) the major blood vessels that supply the skin lie between the dermis and the epidermis | false |
| (T/F) the outermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale and the innermost layer is the stratum corneum | false |
| (T/F) melanocytes synthesize melanin, which protects underlying cells from the effects of ultraviolet light | true |
| (T/F) sunlight, ultraviolet light, and x-rays all darken skin because they increase blood flow to the dermis | false |
| (T/F) the amount of keratin protein produced during keratinization determines hair color | false |
| (T/F) sweating cools the body by evaporating | true |
| (T/F) hypothermia is elevated body temperature due to exposure to heat and the inability of the body to cool down | false |
| (T/F) a burn that involved the epidermis only is called a deep partial-thickness burn | false |
| (T/F) the stratum basale is the deepest layer of epidermis. the cells of the stratum basale rest on the basement membrane and grow and divide to replenish the skin cells in the epidermis. the s.b. is an organ | false |
| the human integumentary system includes... | skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands |
| injections that are administered into the tissues of the skin are called... | intradermal |
| the dermis is composed largely of... | dense irregular connective tissue |
| characteristics of the skin | - the dermis is thicker than the epidermis - the epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium - the dermis contains smooth muscle and nervous tissue |
| exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of... | melanin |
| the subcutaneous layer consists of... | areolar and adipose tissue |
| skin cells play an important role in producing... | vitamin d |
| the functions of skin include... | acting as protective barrier, housing sensory receptors, regulating body temperature |
| eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands... | in the type of secretion, their location, and whether or not they are associated with hair follicles |
| 4 major types of tissues | - epithelial - connective - muscle - nervous |
| desmosomes | - structural reinforcement - cardiac muscle/bladder tissue, epithelial |
| gap junctions | - tubular channels between cells; molecules can move between cells - cardiac muscle cells |
| simple squamous | - irregular shaped, one layer - passes in easily - found in diffusion and filtration - lines air sacs, capillaries, blood and lymphatic vessels |
| simple cuboidal | - box shaped, one layer - secretion and absorption - covers ovaried, lines ducts of some glands |
| simple columnar | - column shaped, one layer - secretion and absorption - lines uterus, stomach, and intestines |
| pseudostratified columnar | - false layer - protect from infection - lines respiratory passageways |
| stratified squamous | - multiple layers - new cells push older cells up and out - lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal |
| stratified cuboidal | - multiple layers - lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat and salivary glands, and pancreas |
| stratified columnar | - multiple layers - lines part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands |
| transitional (uroepitehlium) | - changes shape with increased tension, stretches - lines urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra |
| endocrine | - goes in - secretes into tissue fluid/blood |
| exocrine | - goes out - secrete into ducts that open on surfaces |
| merocrine glandular secretion | secrete fluids products by exosytosis |
| apocrine glands | lose small part of cell during secretion |
| holocrine glands | release entire cell filled with product |
| fibroblasts | - largest producer of collagen - respond to injury and help repair |
| macrophages | - eat bad guys - defend against infection |
| mast cells | - releases heparin to prevent clotting - release histamine (causes inflammatory response) |
| collagen fibers | - make >60% of protein in bone and cartilage |
| loose connective tissues | - areolar - adipose - reticulum |
| dense connective tissues | - dense regular - dense irregular - elastic |
| areolar | - forms delicate, thin membranes - in subcutaneous layer |
| adipose | - stores fat, cushions and insulation - beneath skin (subcutaneous layer) |
| reticular | - supports walls of internal organs |
| dense regular | - tendons, ligaments, dermis - poor blood supply, slow to heal |
| dense irregular | - dermis of skin - around skeletal muscles |
| elastic | - attachments of bone and spinal column - walls of hollow organs (stomach, heart, large arteries, airways) - stretches |
| cartilage | - support, framework, attachment - protection of underlying tissue - lacks blood supply, slow to heal |
| hyaline cartilage | - end of bones in nose and respiratory passages - embryonic skeleton |
| elastic cartilage | - external ear, larynx |
| fibrocartilage | - intervertebral discs - pads of knees and pelvic girdle |
| bone (osseous tissue) | - made of mineral (Ca) salts and collagen - supports, protects, rbc's, attachment site for muscles |
| compact bone | - osteoblasts deposit matrix |
| osteoblast | build |
| osteoclast | destroy |
| blood | - transports substances around body |
| serous membrane | - don't open to outside of body - inner linings of thorax and abdomen - covers organs |
| mucous membrane | - opens to outside of body - lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and preproductive tracts |
| cutaneous membrane | - skin |
| synovial membrane | - line joint cavities |
| skeletal muscle | - attached to bones - voluntary |
| smooth muscle | - walls of hollow organs and blood vessels - involuntary |
| cardiac muscle | - wall of heart - involuntary |
| nervous tissue | - coordinate - integrate - regulate |
| integumentary system functions | - protective covering, prevents water loss - has sensory receptors - helps make vitamin d and maintain body temp |
| epidermis | - outermost layer - stratified squamous epithelium - rests on basement membrane |
| dermis | - inner layer - connective tissue |
| subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) | - beneath dermis, insulating tissue - areolar and adipose connective tissue |
| keratinization | process of hardening, dehydrating, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they go out |
| keratin | tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in cells |
| stratum corneum | - outermost layer - dead, keratinized cells |
| stratum lucidum | - only in thick skin (palms, feet) |
| stratum basale/germinativum | - deepest, mitotic layer |
| functions of epidermis | - protects against water loss, harmful chemicals, mechanical injury, and pathogens - provide melanin |
| what can affect skin color | - hereditary - environmental - physiological |
| sensory receptors of dermis | - lamelcated (Pacinian) for pressure - tactile (Messner's) for light touch |
| papillary layer of dermis | - areolar connective tissue - thinner - superficial layer |
| reticular layer of dermis | - dense irregular connective tissue - thicker - deeper layer |
| 3 parts of nails | - nail plate - nail bed - lunula |
| 3 parts of hair | - hair bulb - hair root - hair shaft |
| sebaceous glands | - produce sebum |
| eccrine (merocrune) glands | - forehead and palms - respond to elevated body temperature |
| apocrine sweat glands | - respond to emotions and pain |
| skin functions | - protect, prevents water loss - has sensory receptors - produce vitamin d and regulate body temperature |
| regulation of body temperature | - set point is monitored by hypothalamus - deep body temperature stays close to 98.6 degrees F |
| when body is too hot, it responds with ... of dermal blood vessels | vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| methods of heat production and loss | - radiation (primary; infrared) - conduction (moves heat from skin to cooler area) - convention (heat loss into circulating air currents) - evaporation (sweat changes into gas) |
| what happens when body temp rises | - thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus - vasodilation of dermal blood vessels - sweat glands are activated |
| what happens when body temp falls | - thermoreceptors signal hypothalamus - vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels - sweat glands are inactive |
| hyperthermia | - high body temp - body temperature may gain heat from hotter air |
| hypothermia | - low body temp - without treatment, the organs would shut down |
| what do shallow cuts affect | epidermis |
| what do deep cuts affect | dermis and subcutaneous layer |
| 1st degree burn | superficial, partial-thickness |
| 2nd degree burn | deep, partial-thickness |
| 3rd degree burn | full-thickness |
| superficial, partial-thickness | - injures only dermis - redness, heat, inflammation |
| deep, partial-thickness | - destroys epidermis and some dermis - may blister - healing varies with severity of burn and stem cell survival |
| full-thickness | - destroys epidermis and dermis - prolonged exposure to heat, flames, and hot liquids - often requires skin graft/skin substitutes |
Created by:
KimBriann
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