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A&P II Ch 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What organ system is blood part of? | Cardiovascular System |
| 2. What kinds of material does blood transport to and from cells? | O2 & Carbon Dioxide/ Nutrients/ Hormones/ Immune system components/ Waste products |
| 3. What are five important functions of blood? (slide 4) | Transp of dissolved sub/ Regulation of Ph and ions/Restriction of fluid loss at injury sight/ Defense against pathogens & toxins/ Stab of body temp |
| 4. Be familiar with the composition of whole blood. How much is plasma and formed elements? | Whole blood= plasma+formed elements/ 46%-63% plasma/ 37%-54% Formed elements |
| 5. What percent of plasma is water, proteins, and other solutes? | Water 92%/ Proteins 7%/ Other solutes 1% |
| 6. What are the three types of formed elements? | Platelets/ WBC/ RBC |
| 7. What percent of formed elements are RBCs, WBCs, and platelets? | Platelets less than 1%/ WBC Less than 1%/ RBC 99.9% |
| 8. What are the three main types of plasma proteins and what are their functions? | Albumins (60%): Transp lrg substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, steroid hormones |
| 9. What is serum? | Liquid part of a blood sample in which dissolved fibrinogen has converted to solid fibrin and formed a clot |
| 10. What is hematocrit? | Percentage of RBC in whole blood |
| 11. What are the normal ranges for hematocrit for males and females? | Males: 42-52%/ Females: 37-47% |
| 12. What are the names of depressed and elevated hematocrit? | Depressed= A/ Elevated= Polycythemia |
| 13. What is the shape of RBCs? | Thin in mid, thicker at edge (biconcave) |
| 14. What are three important effects of RBC shape on function? | High surface-to-volume ratio/ Disks form to stack called rouleaux/ disks bend and flex entering small capillaries |
| 15. Know the structure of hemoglobin in terms of heme units and iron ions. What is the function of hemoglobin? | Protein molecule that transp respiratory gasses(O2)/ Has 4 sub units/ 1 molecule of heme, 1 heme contains 1 iron ion |
| 16. Approximately how many oxygen molecules can one RBC carry at once? | 1 billion molecules of O2 at a time |
| 17. What is the name of the process of RBC production? | Erythropoiesis |
| 18. Where are RBCs produced? | Only in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow) in adults |
| 19. What are the stages of RBC maturation? (slide 24) | Hemocytoblast/ Myeloid stem cell/ Proerythroblast/ Erythroblasts/ Reticulocyte/ Mature RBC |
| 20. How long does erythropoiesis take? | 7 days |
| 21. At what point do RBCs lose the nucleus? | Normoblast |
| 22. What is the name of the hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis? In what conditions is it secreted? | Erythropoietin (EPO)/ Secretes when O2 in peripheral tissues are low (hypoxia) |
| 23. What are surface antigens? | Membrane proteins that identify cells to immune system |
| 24. What are antibodies? | detect foreign cells and coordinates an attack |
| 25. Given the blood type, be able to name the type of surface antigens present in that blood. | |
| 26. Given the blood type, be able to name the type of antibodies present in that blood. | |
| 27. When do anti-A and anti-B antibodies develop? | In the first few months after birth |
| 28. When discussing blood types, what does the “positive” or “negative” portion refer to? (i.e. A+, B-, etc.) | Refers to the Rh factor (Dantigen) |
| 29. What kind of blood has anti-Rh antibodies? How does this happen? | Only sensitized Rh- blood. When Rh+ blood is exposed to Rh- |
| 30. Why do blood donors have to be compatible with recipients? What happens when donated blood is not compatible? | |
| 31. A Rh- woman is in her second pregnancy with a Rh+ fetus. Why is this a potentially dangerous situation? | |
| 32. Why is type O- a universal donor? | Has no surface antigens/Donors antibodies are not important |
| 33. Be able to interpret a table like the one on slide 37 and give the blood type given the reactions. | |
| 34. What are the general functions of WBCs? (slide 43) | Defend against pathogens/ Remoe toxins and wastes/ Attack abnormal cells |
| 35. Know the characteristics of WBCs from slide 44. | Can migrate out of bloodstream/ Capable of amoeboid mvmt/ Attracted to chemical stimuli/ Phagocytic |
| 36. What is positive chemotaxis? | Guides WBCs to pathogens, damage tissues, and other WBC's |
| 37. Know the order of WBCs in terms of abundance. | Neutrophils/ Lymphocytes/ Monocytes/ Eosinophils/ Basophils |
| 38. Know each type of WBC and their functions given in the slides. | |
| 39. What are the three types of lymphocytes and their functions? | T cells: Attack foreign cells directly/ Destroy damaged body cells |
| 40. What is the differential count? | Observed on a stained blood smear and can provide info about changes in WBC populations |
| 41. What is WBC production called? | Leukopoiesis |
| 42. Where are WBCs produced? How is their production similar to erythropoiesis? | Hemocytoblasts/ |
| 43. What are three functions of platelets? (slide 56) | Release important clotting chem/ Temporarily patch dmg vessel walls/ Reduce size of a break in vessel wall |
| 44. What is the name of the giant cells that manufacture platelets? | Megakaryocytes |
| 45. Define hemostasis. | Cessation of bleeding |
| 46. What are the three phases of hemostasis? | Vascular, platelet, coagulation phase |
| 47. What happens during the vascular stage of hemostasis? (slide 59) | 30 min vascular spasm/ Endothelial cells contract and release chem that contribute to clotting/ Endothelial plasma membranes become sticky |
| 48. What happens during the platelet phase of hemostasis? (slide 61) | 15 sec after injury/ Platelet adhesion & platelet aggregation/ Forms platelet plug |
| 49. What happens during the coagulation phase of hemostasis? (slide 63) | 30 sec or more after injury/ coagulation involves cascade reactions/ Forms extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways |
| 50. What is the ultimate result of the three pathways of the coagulation phase? | Circulating fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin |
| 51. What happens during clot retraction? (slide 65) | Platelets contract, pulling torn edges closer together/ Reduces size of damaged area |
| 52. What is the process of dissolving a clot called? | Fibrinolysis |
| 53. Know the medical complications of blood clotting from slide 68. | Forms blockage in blood vessel/ incr risk of heart attack and stroke/ sitting for long periods can stimulate blood clots in legs/ Pulmonary embolism risk |
| 8. What are the three main types of plasma proteins and what are their functions? | Globulins (35%): Antibodies; immunoglobulins/ Transp globuling (small molecules) |
| 8. What are the three main types of plasma proteins and what are their functions? | Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibers |
| 39. What are the three types of lymphocytes and their functions? | B cells- Synthesize antibodies |
| 39. What are the three types of lymphocytes and their functions? | Natural killer cells- Attack and destroy foreign microbes and abnormal tissue cells (cancers) |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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