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Respiratory system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 7 function of the respiratory system | -Obtain O2 from environment -Expel CO2 into the environment -Filter foreign particles out of incoming air -Regulates H2O content and temperature of incoming air -Creates vocal sounds -Contributes to sense of smell -Helps regulate blood pH |
| steps for respiration | 1) Breathing or ventilation Moving air in and out of lungs 2) External respiration Exchange of gases between lungs and blood vessels 3) Transport of gases to cells 4) Internal respiration Exchange of gases between blood vessels and cells 5) Cellula |
| Using O2 | |
| in metabolic processes to create energy | |
| Divisions of | |
| Respiratory Tract Upper respiratory tract | |
| Nose | |
| Nasal cavity | |
| Paranasal sinuses | |
| Pharynx | |
| Lower respiratory tract | |
| Larynx | |
| Trachea | |
| Bronchial tree | |
| Lungs | |
| Nose hairs Guard entrance and protect against particles | |
| Nasal Cavity Hollow space behind nose | |
| Nasal septum Bone and cartilage structure dividing cavity into 2 sides | |
| Nasal conchae Projections from nasal cavity wall; increase surface area | |
| Lining of nasal cavity Pseudostratified epithelial cells with mucous-secreting goblet cells | |
| particles are_________ within the nose trapped and moved out and air is warmed and moistened | |
| Paranasal Sinuses Air-filled sacs within skull bones | |
| Reduce the weight of the skull | |
| Affect sound of the voice | |
| Pharynx Shared with digestive system | |
| pharynx divisions Nasopharynx | |
| Oropharynx | |
| Larygopharynx | |
| Otherwise known as | |
| hypopharynx | |
| pharynx openings Oral cavity | |
| Nasal cavity | |
| Esophagus | |
| Trachea | |
| epiglottis A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering | |
| Larynx Enlargement at beginning of trachea | |
| Framework of muscle and cartilage | |
| bound by elastic tissue | |
| Largest cartilages of larynx Thyroid (Adam's apple) | |
| Cricoid | |
| Epiglottic (over epiglottis) | |
| LARYNGITIS? When the mucus membrane becomes swollen and prevents the vocal cords from vibrating freely. | |
| Vocal Cords Housed in larynx | |
| False vocal cords Fold of tissue that helps to close passageway when swallowing | |
| True vocal cords Vibrate when air is forced through causing sound Tension of chords helps regulate pitch Force of air helps | |
| regulate volume of sound | |
| relationship between | |
| the larynx and the epiglottis Larynx - enlargement at the | |
| top of the trachea and below | |
| pharynx, conducts air in and out | |
| of trachea, houses vocal cords | |
| Contains Epiglottis- structure | |
| that blocks food/drink | |
| Glottis Triangular opening between vocal cords | |
| When swallowing: | |
| False vocal cords close glottis | |
| Larynx raises and presses epiglottis against | |
| opening | |
| swallowing epiglootis up | |
| glottis down and open | |
| esophageal sphincter contracted | |
| relaxed smooth muscle | |
| contracted muscles | |
| relaxed muscles | |
| sphincter relaxed | |
| trachea Also called windpipe | |
| Descends anterior to esophagus | |
| Enclosed with C-shaped rings of hyaline | |
| cartilage to prevent tube from collapsing | |
| lining of trachea Pseudostratified epithelial cells with | |
| mucous-secreting goblet cells | |
| Bronchial Tree Branching tubes connecting trachea | |
| to site of gas exchange in lungs | |
| Amount of cartilage decreases | |
| through tract | |
| Amount of smooth muscle in the | |
| walls increases through tract | |
| large to small bronchial tree Right and left primary bronchi > | |
| Secondary bronchi > Tertiary bronchi > | |
| Bronchioles >Terminal bronchioles > | |
| Respiratory bronchioles > Alveolar ducts | |
| >Alveolar sacs > Alveoli | |
| Alveoli Terminal sacs at the end of the | |
| tract | |
| Surrounded by network of blood | |
| capillaries | |
| Site of gas exchange | |
| Respiratory membrane: Simple squamous epithelium in | |
| alveoli and blood capillary | |
| Basement membrane fuses the two | |
| Lungs location Located in thoracic cavity: | |
| Mediastinum between | |
| Thoracic cage surrounds | |
| Diaphragm below | |
| Suspended by bronchi and blood vessels | |
| Cover by visceral pleura which folds | |
| back to become parietal pleura | |
| Potential space between is pleural cavity | |
| Small layer of serous fluid between | |
| lobes right lung 3 (superior, middle, inferior) | |
| lobes of left 2 (superior and inferior) | |
| Inhalation At rest, pressure of air and thoracic | |
| cavity are the same; NO net movement of | |
| air | |
| Diaphragm is contracted (lowered) | |
| and external (inspiratory) | |
| intercostal muscles contract as | |
| well | |
| Contractions increase cavity | |
| volume which decreases pressure | |
| AIR MOVES INTO THORACIC CAVITY | |
| Muscle movements pull on | |
| the pleural membranes to | |
| expand the lung | |
| Surface tension Difficulty in expanding alveoli | |
| because the walls tend to stick | |
| together | |
| Surfactant helps combat | |
| surface tension | |
| Deeper breaths can be taken | |
| by contracting intercostal | |
| muscles that will lift up the rib cage | |
| EXPIRATION / Exhalation Normally passive process | |
| Contracting muscles relax | |
| Elastic recoil and surface tension | |
| cause tissue to return to | |
| previous state before inspiration | |
| Volume decreases -> Pressure | |
| increases in cavity and forces air | |
| out of lungs | |
| Intercostal | |
| muscles can | |
| contract to make | |
| thoracic cavity | |
| even smaller. | |
| This will force | |
| even more air | |
| out! | |
| More air can be expelled if: Internal (expiratory) intercostal | |
| muscle contract Pushes rib cage in | |
| (raising thoracic pressure even more) | |
| Abdominal muscles contract raising | |
| abdominal pressure pushing | |
| diaphragm higher raising thoracic | |
| pressure even more | |
| ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 760 Hg | |
| Pressure is necessary for | |
| breathing, which is why it is | |
| difficult to breathe in high | |
| altitudes and also why a | |
| punctured lung can be | |
| dangerous. | |
| A hole in the pleural cavity can | |
| cause the lung to collapse or | |
| deflate | |
| pneumothorax collapsed lung | |
| Resting Tidal Volume - amount of air that enters | |
| the lungs during one cycle | |
| Reserve volumes air that can be forced out or | |
| in | |
| spirometry a measurement of breathing (or lung volumes) | |
| VITAL CAPACITY = Insp reserve + Exp reserve + Tidal Volume | |
| INSPIRATORY CAPACITY = Tidal Volume + Insp Reserve | |
| Volume | |
| FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY the volume of air | |
| that remains in the lungs at rest | |
| TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY varies by sex, age, body size, | |
| athletics | |
| the sum of vital capacity and residual volume | |
| control centers of respiratory system medulla oblangata | |
| pons | |
| pheripheral chemorec Aortic and carotid bodies respond to pH, PaO2 and PaCO2 changes. | |
| air in alveoli p co2=40mmhg | |
| po2=104mmhg | |
| pressure in capillary pco2=45mmhg | |
| po2=40mmhg | |
| percent of oxygen in hemoglobin 98.5% | |
| hemoglobin is released when po2 is low | |
| pco2 is high | |
| ph is acidic | |
| temperature is high | |
| co2 transport 7% can be transported as co2 dissolved in blood | |
| 23% is carried by amine group of hemoglobin into caraminohemoglobin | |
| releases pco2 | |
| remaining is carried as bicarbonate |
Created by:
flute260
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