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A&P Lecture 9
Bone
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| parts of the skeletal system (4) | bone ligaments cartilage connective tissue |
| functions of skeletal system (4) | protection support storage of minerals(calcium) and lipids (yellow bone marrow) blood cell production ( red bone marrow) |
| bone tissue ( osseous tissue) is made up of | extracellular matrix 98% cells2% |
| extracellular matrix is made up of | inorganic matrix organic matrix |
| Inorganic matrix made up of | Hydroxyapatite Crystals =calcium and phosphorus Bicarbonate Potassium Magnesium Sodium |
| Hydroxyapatite Crystals are made up of | Calcium and phosphorus |
| Organic Matrix (Osteoid) is made up of | collagen fibers proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans glycoproteins |
| How do inorganic and organic matrix work together | Hydroxyapatite crystals and collagen fibers align to create hardness of the bone |
| 4 types of bone cells | Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteogenic cells Osteoclasts |
| Osteo= | Bone |
| Blast= | Building |
| What does the osteoblast cell do (2) | 1. Builds the organic matrix by surrounding itself in osteoid (collagen fibers) 2. Immature osteoblast cell becomes mature osteocyte cell |
| Location of Osteocyte cell | Cell lives in Lacunae Lacunae lives in Lamellae |
| Function of Osteocyte cell (1) | Maintains the bone matrix |
| Function of an osteogenic cell (1) | produce osteoblast cell when needed (stem cell) |
| Location of an osteogenic cell | Endosteum ( medullary cavity) |
| osteoclasts are made up of | white blood cells |
| osteoclasts function (2) | secrete hydrogen ions and enzymes to break down the bone matrix release minerals back into the blood |
| order of the cells functions in the bone | 1.Osteogenic cells produce osteo blasts 2.Immature osteoblast cells surround themselves in osteoid (collagen fibers) 3.Osteoclasts are secreting hydrogen ions and enzymes to break down the bone matrix at the same time |
| order of the cells functions in the bone (continued) | 4.Immature osteoblasts turn into mature osteocyte cells that maintain the matrix of the bone |
| Bone homeostasis | Bone building from the osteoblasts and bone recycling from the osteoclasts are equal |
| Spongy bone location | Epiphysis |
| Spongy bone structure (2) | Trabeculae=open web; has no blood cells Red bone marrow=in between trabeculae |
| red bone marrow location | endosteum ( inside the bone) |
| red bone marrow function | feeds osteocytes |
| endo = | inside |
| osteum= | bone |
| peri= | outside |
| osteum= | bone |
| location of periosteum | covers outside the bone |
| 2 layers of periosteum | fibrous layer(outside) cellular layer (inside) |
| what does the cellular layer of periosteum have | osteoblasts |
| function of periosteum (3) | bone repair and renewal blood supply isolates bone |
| location of endosteum | inside the bone |
| what does endosteum cover (3) | medullary cavity trabeculae central canals |
| what does endosteum contain | osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteoclasts |
| where does bone development happen | Embryo |
| what is osteogenesis ossification | Replacing tissue with bone in the embryo |
| Types of osteogenesis ossification (2) | intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification |
| Intramembranous ossification builds bone on: | Mesenchymal connective tissue |
| what type of bones are created in Intramembranous ossification | Skull and clavicle |
| how bone is built in intramembranous ossification | 1. Mesenchymal cells turn into osteogenic cells 2.Osteogenic cells turn into osteoblast cells 3.Osteoblast cells create organic matrix by surrounding themselves in osteoid or collagen fibers 4.Calcium and phosphorus go into trabeculae |
| `Endochondral ossification builds bone on: | Hyaline cartilage |
| what types of bones are created in Endochondral ossification | every bone except the skull and clavicle |
| how bone is built in endochondral ossification | 1.Periostem grows 2.chondrocytes (cartilage cells) die 3.diaphysis grows 4.epiphysis grows |
| where does cartilage remain after bone has been built (2) | epiphyseal line articular cartilage |
| 2 types of bone growth | Appositional growth epiphyseal line growth |
| How does bone grow in epiphyseal line | bone gets longer bone replaces cartilage on the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal line |
| what cells create epiphyseal line | chondrocytes ( cartilage cells) |
| steps of epiphyseal line growth | 1. chondrocytes divide 2. chondrocytes get larger 3. chondrocytes die and become cartilage 4. cartilage turns to bone |
| what happens to epiphyseal line as bone continues to grow | gets smaller |
| How does appositional growth grow | like a tree circumferential lamellae gets wider in width |
| steps of appositional growth | 1. osteoblasts grow between bone surface and periosteum 2. new bone is created 3. new layer of circumferential lamellae is created |
| How is bone remodeled | cells recycle and renew bone matrix |
| Factors of bone remodeling (2) | 1. bone removal>bone growth=weak bones 2.bone growth>bone removal=strong bones |
| stages of bone remodeling (2) | 1. resorption stage 2. mineralization stage |
| what happens in resorption stage: | 1. osteoclast is stagnant 2. osteoclast breaks down bone with hydrogen ions and enzymes 3. releasing minerals (calcium and phosphorus into the blood |
| what happens in mineralization stage: | 1. osteoblasts surround themselves in osteoid 2. minerals are added to create osteocytes |
| factors that impact bone growth (3) | vitamins hormones hormones exercise |
| what type of vitamins | Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin D3 |
| how can i get vitamin A | carotene |
| how can i get vitamin C | citrus fruit lemon oranges limes |
| how can i get vitamin D3 | Sunlight |
| why do i need vitamin C | helps to synthesis collagen |
| why do i need vitamin D3 | to absorb minerals calcium and phosphorus |
| what 2 factors help to create Calcitriol | 1. sunlight 2. cholecalciferol |
| where is calcitriol created | kidneys |
| what type of hormones(3) | testosterone estrogen growth hormone |
| where does growth hormone come from | pituitary gland |
| function of growth hormone (2) | 1. promotes protein synthesis 2. promotes cell division |
| function of testosterone (2) | 1. increases appositional growth (width) 2. close epiphyseal plate |
| function of estrogen (2) | 1. increase longitudinal growth 2. close epiphyseal plate |
| makeup of calcium in the body (2) | 99% is in the bones 1% is in calcium ions |
| what cells are calcium ions vital to (2) | 1. Neurons 2. Muscle cells |
| Hypocalcemia = | Hypo=low Calcemia= calcium ions |
| what hormones maintain calcium homeostasis (2) | 1. calcitonin 2. parathyroid hormone |
| what happens to calcium in the bones | calcium STORAGE |
| what happens to calcium in the | calcium ABSORPTION |
| what happens to calcium in the kidneys | calcium RELEASE |
| where is parathyroid hormone created | parathyroid gland |
| function of parathyroid hormone | increase calcium ion levels by stimulating osteoclasts |
| where is calcitonin created | thyroid gland |
| function of calcitonin | decrease calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclasts |
| what is a fracture | crack or break in the bone |
| stages to repair fracture (4 ) | 1. bleeding 2. callous forms 3. spongy bone forms 4. compact bone forms |
| what forms during bleeding stage | a blood clot |
| what happens to the bone cells during fracture | they cells die |
| what happens during callous formation stage | endosteum and periosteum begins to grow callous forms |
| what are the 2 types of callous that can form | external cartilage callous internal spongy bone callous |
| what is callous made out of | cartilage |
| what happens during spongy bone formation stage | cartilage is replaced by spongy bone |
| what happens during compact bone formation stage | compact bone forms |
| osteoporosis= | osteo=bone porosis=loss |
| how can you prevent osteoporosis | exercise |
| how can you treat osteoporosis | hormone replacement therapy |
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