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Circulatory System

Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

QuestionAnswer
Functions of the circulatory system Transportation system for: Gases, nutrients and waste, hormones, fluids, other cells, and heat
Functions of the lymphatic system Returns excess fluid (called lymph once in the lymphatic system) to the bloodstream Also functions in immune response
Lymph hearts Pulse to push the lymph along Present in some teleost's, amphibians, and reptiles
Lymphatic tubules Pick up excess fluid from body tissues
Lymphatic vessels Transport fluid from the lymphatic tubules to the veins near the heart
Lymph tissue (Includes wbc)Is located throughout the body and is part of the immune system
Lymph nodes Collection of lymph tissue associated with lymph vessels. Filters lymph as it flows toward veins *Present in mammals only
Cardiovascular system Includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Single circulation Blood passes ONCE through the heart during each complete circuit through the body *present in fish heart-->gills-->systemic tissues (body)-->heart
Double circulation Blood passes twice through the heart during each complete circuit through the body *present in most tetrapods Pulmonary circuit (heart-->lungs-->heart)-->systemic circuit (systemic tissues-->heart)
Pulmonary circuit Shunts deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Systemic circuit Supplies oxygenated blood to and returns deoxygenated blood from the tissues of the body
Blood cells Formed elements: -Red blood cells (erythrocytes) -White blood cells (leukocytes) -Platelets- pieces of cells- function in clotting
Extracellular matrix of blood Plasma- consists of water and proteins
Arteries transport blood away from the heart
Veins transport blood to the heart
Capillaries connect the arterial and venous systems (where gas exchange occurs)
Companion vessels arteries and veins that follow the same pathway and supply blood to (or drain blood from) the same regions or structures *often ahve the same name
Lumen opening through which blood flows
Vasoconstriction Narrowing of the lumen *increases blood pressure
Vasodilation Opening of the lumen *decreases blood pressure
Tunics layers surrounding the lumen
Tunics from most deep to most superficial Tunica intima-->tunica media-->tunica adventitia Tunica intima: endothelium and connective tissue Tunica media: Includes smooth muscle (causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation) Tunica adventitia: connective tissue
Arteries vs Veins: Blood Pressure Arteries: higher bp Veins: lower bp *arteries need to maintain and withstand higher bp so that blood can reach all parts of the body
Arteries vs Veins: Lumen diamater Arteries: narrower Veins: greater *veins need to be able to return blood to the heart despite the low bp in those vessels
Arteries vs Veins: Tunic thickness Arteries: thicker Veins: thinner
Arteries vs Veins: Valves Arteries: absent Veins: present
Arterioles Small blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, are connectors between arteries and capillaries
Precapillary sphincter Segments of smooth muscle that help direct blood flow into capillaries
Vessels Pathway 1. Heart 2. Aorta 3.Medium to small arteries 4.Arteriole 5.Capillary bed 6. Venule 7.Small to medium veins 8. Common cardinal vv or venae cavae
How does vessel size change relative to their distance from the heart? Vessels nearest the heart are the largest
Arteries ______________ in size in the direction of blood flow decrease
Veins ________________ in size in the direction of blood flow increase
Which parts of the body get the most oxygen rich blood Head and brain
Aortic arches Connect the ventral and (paired) dorsal aortae Located within the pharyngeal arches 6 pairs of aortic arches present in most vertebrae
Afferent branchial aa. *fish deliver deoxygenated blood from the ventral aorta to the capillary beds *aortic arch
Capillary beds (gills) *fish partially or completely encircle the gills are are the place of gas exchange *aortic arch
Collector loop *fish drain the capillary beds of the gills into the efferent branchial aa. *aortic arch
Efferent branchial aa. *fish deliver oxygenated blood from the capillary beds of the gills to the paired dorsal aorta
What are the most persistent aortic arches across vertebrates? 3, 4, and 6
Carotid arch Aortic arch 3- Gives off external and internal carotid aa
Systemic arch Aortic arch 4 -leads to aorta and rest of body *paired in amphibians and reptiles but reduced to a single arch in birds and mammals
Pulmonary arch Aortic arch 6- leads to lungs (pulmonary circuit) *detached from aorta in most adult tetrapods
The dorsal aorta gives off: 1. Paired branches to the body wall and fins (or limbs) 2. Paired branches to the urogenital structures 3. Unpaired branches to the digestive tract *terminates as the caudal a
Segmental aa body wall segments *comes off the dorsal aorta
Subclavian aa pectoral fins or forelimbs *Come off carotid aa in birds and aortic arch 4 in mammals
Iliac aa pelvic fins or hindlimbs *comes off the dorsal aorta
renal aa kidney *comes off the dorsal aorta
gonadal aa ovaries or testes *comes off the dorsal aorta
Celiac a stomach, proximal intestine, accessory digestive organs *comes off the dorsal aorta
Anterior mesenteric a most of the prox (or small) intestine *comes off the dorsal aorta
Posterior mesenteric a distal (or large) intestine *comes off the dorsal aorta
Internal carotid aa brain *comes off the paired dorsal aortae
What are the 3 ancestral groups of veins? 1.Cardinal system 2.Abdominal system 3.Portal system
Cardinal system drains most of the body
Abdominal system drains the ventral body wall and fins
Portal system drains the digestive tract
Anterior cardinal vv drain body anterior to heart *part of cardinal system
Posterior cardinal vv drain body posterior to heart *part of the cardinal system
Common cardinal vv formed by the merging of the anterior and posterior cardinal veins *part of the cardinal system
Precava drains body anterior to heart *reorganization of the cardinal system in derived vertebrates
Postcava drains body posterior to heart *reorganization of the cardinal system in derived vertebrates
Lateral abdominal vv drains the pelvic finds (or hindlimbs) via the iliac vv drains the pectoral fins (or forelimbs) via the brachial vv-distal to this point, the veins are called the subclavian vv *part of the abdominal system *absent in most tetrapods
(Vitelline) Portal system drains the digestive tract and yolk sac (embryologically)
Hepatic portal v drains the digestive tract and shunts the blood to the liver to be filtered *part of the (vitelline) portal system
Hepatic v or vv where blood from the liver enters the heart or postcava *part of the (vitelline) portal system
Renal portal system Supplies blood to renal tubules *not found in mammals
subcardinal vv Drains the kidneys and gonads *part of the renal portal system
posterior cardinal vv drain blood from the head and body *part of the renal portal system
Pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs *part of the pulmonary circuit
Pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from lungs to heart *part of the pulmonary circuit
What surrounds the heart? pericardial cavity
What lines the heart/the heart cavity? visceral and parietal pericardium
What are the four chambers of the heart from posterior to anterior (direction of blood flow)? 1.Sinus venosus 2.Atrium 3.Ventricle 4.Bulbus arteriosus (walls have no cardiac mm) or conus arteriosus (walls have cardiac mm)
Sinus venosus venous end, receives blood from common cardinal and hepatic vv
Bulbus arteriosus/conus arteriosus arterial end, pumps blood into ventral aorta
What is the function of valves? Separate chambers, prevent backflow, and coordinate unidirectional movement of blood
What does a fish heart look like and how does it function? A fish heart has four chambers and the chambers are bent into an "s" shape. Single circulation so the blood flows through all four chambers in one cycle All blood pumping through the heart is deoxygenated
What is the difference between a 3 chambered heart and a 4 chambered heart in tetrapods? A three chambered heart has an undivided ventricle whereas the four chambered heart has a divided ventricle
Undivided ventricle ventricle pumps out both deoxygenated (to pulmonary circuit via pulmonary aa) and oxygenated (to systemic circuit via aortae) blood
Divided ventricle Right and left ventricle. Right pumps deoxygenated blood Left pumps oxygenated blood
Right ventricle Pumps deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary aa.
Left Ventricle Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit via the aorta(e)
Which tetrapods have a 3-chambered heart (undivided ventricle)? Amphibians and most reptiles
Which tetrapods have a 4-chambered heart (divided ventricle)? Crocodilians, birds, and mammals
What happens to the linear heart tube in tetrapods? It is twisted such that the atria are now anterior to the ventricles
What happens to sinus venosus and conus arteriosus in tetrapods? In most, sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium and conus arteriosus is incorporated into the (right) ventricle
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from pre- and postcava
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vv.
Pattern of blood flow in fish (single circulation) Heart (sinus venosus-->atrium-->ventricle-->bulbus arteriosus)--> Gills-->Body (arteries-->capillaries-->veins)-->heart
Pattern of blood flow in tetrapods (double circulation) Heart (left atrium-->left ventricle)-->body (arteries-->capillaries-->veins)-->heart (right atrium-->right ventricle)-->lungs-->heart
Created by: tsimon033
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