Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Respiratory System
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Function of the respiratory system | Exchange gas (delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide) between the vertebrate and its environment |
| External respiration | Involves bringing air into the lungs and releasing air into the atmosphere |
| Where does external respiration mainly occur? | The surface of the skin (cutaneous respiration), in the gills, and in the lungs |
| Internal respiration | Occurs in the circulatory system. Where gas exchange takes place throughout the body (capillary beds) |
| How does gas exchange occur? | Passive diffusion Gas moves in the direction of lower partial pressure |
| Breathing (ventilation) | Active process of moving either water or air across the respiratory exchange surface |
| Where does unidirectional breathing occur? | Gills |
| Where does bidirectional breathing occur? | Lungs |
| What does a vertebrate pharyngeal apparatus consist of? | Pharynx, pharyngeal pouches and pharyngeal clefts (merge and form gill chambers), and pharyngeal arches |
| Function of pharynx in pharyngeal apparatus | central passageway for food and water (or air) |
| Gill chambers | open to the outside as gill slits |
| What does each pharyngeal arch include? | 1. A cranial nerve branch 2. A group of branchiomeric muscles 3. An aortic arch 4. A gill arch (bar) |
| Gill arches | Support the gills and separate gill chambers |
| Gill rakers | Projections on the inner surface of the gill arch that prevent food particles from entering the gill chamber |
| Gill rays | Skeletal projections on the outer surface of the gill arch that provide structural support |
| Gill filaments (primary lamellae) | Attach to the gill rays and project into the gill chambers. Composed of a series of secondary lamellae |
| Secondary lamellae | Where gas exchange occurs across capillary beds |
| What is the functional unit of the gill apparatus? | Secondary lamellae |
| Interbranchial septa | Plate-like septa which separate the gill chambers and extend laterally from each gill arch from the pharynx to the gills slits. They are composed of numerous gill rays. *Present in chondrichthyans (elasmobranchs) |
| What forms a respiratory unit? | The posterior gill filament of one gill ray and the anterior gill filament of the adjacent gill ray project into the same gill chamber *Chondrichthyans (elasmobranchs) |
| Where are gill slits connected in chondrichthyans (elasmobranchs)? | Outside body wall |
| What happens to the first gill slit in chondrichthyans (elasmobranchs)? | It is no longer a functional part of the respiratory system and becomes reduced to a small oval opening called the spiracle |
| Spiracle | a small oval opening that can draw water into the pharynx along with the oral cavity *chondrichthyans (elasmobranchs) |
| How are gill rays attached to the gill arch in osteicthyans? | Attached to the gill arch in V-shaped pairs with no interbranchial septum in between |
| Each gill filament is supported by its own gill _____________ in osteicthyans. | ray |
| Operculum | A bony or cartilaginous covering of the gill slit *osteicthyans |
| Dual pump mechanism | Water moves from high to low pressure via inhalation and exhalation |
| Inhalation-dual pump mechanism | Water enters oral cavity and pharynx and flows across the gills |
| Mouth (and spiracle) ___________________, gill slits (and operculum) ____________ during inhalation- dual pump mechanism | open, closed |
| Mouth (and spiracle) ___________________, gill slits (and operculum) ____________ during exhalation- dual pump mechanism | closed, open |
| Exhalation- dual pump mechanism | Water flows past gills and out gill slits |
| Gas moves in the direction of __________________ | Lower partial pressure |
| What is the most effective strategy for gas exchange? | Counter-current gas exchange |
| Counter-current gas exchange in fish | Blood moves in the opposite direction of water to maximize gas exchange |
| Lungs | internal organs that fill with air and function primarily in respiration |
| Lung volume _________ when air is inhaled and ____________ when air is exhaled | Increases, decreases |
| Buccal pump | *pushes air Uses compression and expansion of the oral (buccal) cavity to move gases to and from the lungs |
| Buccal expansion | draws air into the oral cavity and thus out of the lungs and into the body |
| Buccal compression | forces air out of the buccal cavity and thus out of the body and into the lungs |
| Which species have a buccal pump? | Air-breathing fish and amphibians |
| Aspiration pump | *sucks air Air is moved tidally (either in or out in separate phases). Pressure differences are created by changing size of the thoracic cavity through external muscles or a diaphragm |
| Inhalation-aspiration pump | Enlarge the cavity to decrease pressure and draw air in |
| Exhalation-aspiration pump | Shrink the cavity to increase pressure so that air is drawn out |
| Which species use an aspiration pump? | Amniotes |
| What are lungs derived from? | The gut tube as outpocketings of the pharynx |
| Which cavity surrounds the lungs in amphibians and most reptiles? | Pleuroperitoneal cavity (posterior) |
| What separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities in amphibians and most reptilians? | Transverse septum |
| Which cavities surrounds the lungs in mammals and some reptilians (turtles, crocodilians, birds)? | Pleural cavities (2) (anterior-dorsal) |
| What separates the pericardial and pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity in mammals? | Transverse septum and pleuroperitoneal membrane |
| What separates the pericardial and pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity in turtles, crocodilians, and birds? | Transverse septum and pulmonary fold |
| What separates the pericardial and pleural cavities in mammals and some reptilians (turtles, crocodilians, birds)? | Pleuropericardial membranes |
| Diaphragm | Transverse septum + pleuroperitoneal membrane *present only in mammals |
| Parietal pleura | lines the walls of the pleural cavity |
| Visceral pleura | covers the lungs |
| Lungs evolved early in vertebrate evolution from a(n) ______________________ ancestor | Osteichthyan |
| What were lungs used for in the osteichthyan ancestor from which they evolved? | Used for supplemental respiration when oxygen in water was insufficient |
| Swim bladders | Lie dorsal to the gut tube and are used mostly for buoyancy *present in most actinopterygians |
| What are the tubes tetrapods have that transmit air to and from the lungs? | The trachea and bronchi |
| Where are the trachea and bronchi? | Trachea lies ventral to the esophagus and extends posteriorly from the pharynx and divides into bronchi near the lung |
| Lungs in amphibians and reptiles | Lungs are open sacs with faveoli which increase surface area. Air travels into the central chamber of the lungs and then diffuses into the faveoli. Gas exchange occurs in capillary beds in the walls of the lung |
| Faveoli | Internal partitions of the lung wall that increase surface area in amphibians and reptiles |
| Lungs in birds | Lungs adhered to the ribcage and are rigid with a fixed volume. Bronchi branch to form a honeycomb network within the lungs where gas exchange occurs Air movement unidirectional. Large air sacs joined to the lungs. No gas exchange occurs in the air sacs. |
| Lungs in mammals | Respiratory passageway (start with bronchi) repeatedly divides producing smaller and smaller branches. Increases the surface area for gas exchange substantially |
| Alveoli | Where the division of bronchi ends in blind-ended sacs *mammals |
| Respiratory tree | The repeated branching of the bronchi until they end as the alvoli *mammals |
| If you increase volume, partial pressure will ____________ and water/gas will flow _____________. | decrease, in |
| If you __________ volume, partial pressure will increase and water/gas will flow ______________. | decrease, out |
Created by:
tsimon033
Popular Anatomy sets