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A&P 1 final
tests 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (t/f) The "powerhouse" of the cell are the mitochondria and make most of the ATP for the cell. | true |
| (t/f) The difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum is one contains lysosomes and the other does not | false |
| (t/f) The Golgi apparatus function in packaging for the cell | true |
| (t/f) If a cell has a greater solute concentration on the outside the cell membrane, compared to inside, then water will move to the outside by osmosis | true |
| (t/f) Cells perform active transport by using energy provided by ATP to move substances against the concentration gradient | true |
| (t/f) Proteins are manufactured by ribosomes | true |
| (t/f) Filtration requires hydrostatic pressure | true |
| (t/f) During interphase, a cell replicates DNA and performs its normal functions | true |
| (t/f) Stages of mitosis in correct order are interphase, metaphase, prophase, anaphase, and telophase | false |
| (t/f) During metaphase of mitosis, chromosomes first condense and become visible when stained and viewed under a microscope | false |
| (t/f) The process by which cells specialize is called differentiation | true |
| The three major parts of a cell are... | - nucleus - cytoplasm - cell membrane |
| What describes a lysosome? | a tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris |
| ATP is used to power many cellular processes. Some genetic disorders are the result of defects in ATP creation. Which organelle is likely affected in these disorders? | mitochondria |
| The function of the nucleus is to... | direct the activities of the cell |
| Salt is placed in a glass of water. Slowly the salt begins to even out in concentration due to what factor? | concentration gradient |
| What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? | both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy |
| If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside, ... | water will leave the cell by osmosis |
| If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, ... | cell will swell and may eventually burst |
| Osmosis is the movement of... | water through a selectively permeable membrane to a solution containing a higher concentration of impermeant solute |
| If cells placed in a solution shrivel up, the solution is... | hypertonic |
| Chloride ions follow the concentration gradient, but require a membrane protein for passage. Which transport method is occurring? | facilitated diffusion |
| List in order the steps of mitosis and explain what happens to the chromosomes during each step. | prophase - chromosomes condense metaphase - chromosomes meet in the middle anaphase - chromosomes start to separate telophase - chromosomes become two |
| (t/f) Metabolism refers to all of the chemical reactions in a cell. | true |
| (t/f) Catabolism breaks down molecules and anabolism builds up molecules. | true |
| (t/f) Enzymes are proteins that promote specific chemical reactions. | true |
| (t/f) The aerobic reactions of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria. | true |
| (t/f) The portion of a DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a protein is called a gene. | true |
| (t/f) In DNA replication, the two strands of the double helix separate and enzymes place A, T, G, and C nucleotides opposite their complements, forming two double helices from one. | true |
| (t/f) The genetic code is the correspondence between DNA sequence and amino acid sequence of a protein. | true |
| (t/f) A DNA sequence of CGCTTACGATTG would be transcribed into an RNA sequence of GCGAAUGCUAAC. | true |
| (t/f) Transcription yields protein and translation produces RNA. | false |
| (t/f) Three types of RNA participate in protein synthesis. | true |
| (t/f) The part of the tRNA that binds mRNA is the anticodon. | true |
| The term anabolic metabolism refers to... | biochemical reactions that build compounds |
| Energy is defined as... | the ability to do work |
| The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the... | cytoplasm |
| DNA replication occurs... | during interphase of the cell cycle |
| Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA, but not RNA? | thymine |
| Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called... | transcription |
| In what molecule are anticodons found? | tRNA |
| Synthesis of a protein stops when... | any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA |
| What is enzyme denaturation? | |
| List in order the steps of cellular respiration and the number of net ATP molecules produced during each step. | glycolysis - 2 atp citric acid cycle - 2 atp electron transport chain - 34-36 atp |
| Describe the process of protein synthesis. | during protein synthesis, interphase (which is the most active) happens transcription - dna is replicated translation - dna is copied and turns into mRNA molecule |
| (t/f) The parotid gland produces serous fluids (saliva) and dumps them into the nearby oral cavity. This makes the parotid gland an exocrine gland. | true |
| (t/f) Blood isn’t a connective tissue because it wanders around the body and is never in a fixed location. | false |
| (t/f) Tissues are groups of cells that have a common overall function, yet are distinctive in their characteristic cell types and the molecules that the cells produce. | true |
| (t/f) All tissue types are tightly packed, built of cells attached by intercellular junctions. | false |
| (t/f) A tissue’s function is to direct flow of a substance to an organ without losing any of the substance or letting any other substances contact it. Tight junctions are most likely to be found between the cells of this tissue. | true |
| (t/f) Histology is the study of tissue. | true |
| (t/f) The tissue that forms the outermost layer of the skin is a type of connective tissue. | false |
| (t/f) White blood cells may become macrophages. | true |
| (t/f) Osteocytes release histamine and heparin. | false |
| (t/f) Bone cells (osteocytes) are in concentric circles around central canals. | true |
| (t/f) Smooth muscle tissue actions are voluntary. | false |
| (t/f) Cardiac muscle can function without nervous stimulation but skeletal muscle cannot. | true |
| (t/f) Muscle tissue conducts electrical impulses from one neuron to another and coordinates body activities. | false |
| Histology is the study of... | tissues |
| Epithelial tissue functions in... | secretion, absorption, protection |
| The merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions differ in the... | amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product |
| Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of... | dense regular connective tissue |
| A general characteristic of connective tissue is that it... | consists of cells within extracellular material |
| What type of tissue is adipose tissue? | connective tissue |
| Involuntary muscle tissues are... | smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue |
| Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the... | heart |
| (t/f) The major blood vessels that supply the skin lie between the dermis and the epidermis. | false |
| (t/f) The outermost layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale and the innermost layer is the stratum corneum. | false |
| (t/f) Melanin production is greater in the skin of people who live outdoors all the time than in people who do not. | true |
| (t/f) Sweating cools the body by evaporation. | true |
| (t/f) A burn that involves the epidermis only is called a first degree burn. | true |
| An organ consists of... | tissues grouped together that function together |
| The human integumentary system includes... | skin, nails, hair follicles, sweat glands |
| As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, ... | they die |
| What determines the color of skin? | the amount of melanin that melanocytes produce |
| The functions of skin include... | - acting as protective barrier - housing sensory receptors - regulating body temperature |
| Epidermis is __________, whereas dermis is __________. | - outermost layer of skin - composed of stratified squamous epothelial tissue |
| You step out of the pool and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely... | keratinized epidermal cells |
| Which of the following describes the epidermis? | - retains water in deeper skin layers - keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens - protects skin against mechanical injury |
| Reddened skin reflects... | dilated blood vessels with more blood entering th dermis |
| The nail plate is produced by... | specialized epithelial cells |
| The hardness of a nail comes from... | collagen |
| Sebaceous glands secrete... | fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum |
| Eccrine sweat glands... | respond primarily to elevate body temperature |
| Body heat is lost primarily by... | radiation |
| What is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? | dermal blood vessels constrict |
| Sweat cools the body by... | evaporation |
| A person exercising vigorously on a hot, humid day may develop... | - fatigue and dizziness - heat exhaustion - headache, muscle cramps, and nausea |
| Hypothermia is... | a lowered body temperature |
| The skin dissipates excess body heat by... | - dilating dermal blood vessels - activating eccrine sweat glands - radiation |
| Inflammation makes skin... | red, swollen, and painful to the touch |
| Inflammation... | is a normal response to stress or injury |
| A burn affecting only the epidermis is a... | superficial partial-thickness burn |
| Mira Dry is a procedure where the armpits are microwaved. Afterwards, patients notice a reduction in both the usual body odor and wetness from sweating. Hair structures remain unaffected. According to these results, what structures must be damaged? | eccrine and apocrine sweat glands |
| (t/f) Bones in the human body are living. | true |
| (t/f) A bone shaft is the diaphysis; the expanded parts at the ends are the epiphyses. | true |
| (t/f) Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells, whereas osteoblasts are bone-forming cells. | true |
| (t/f) The number of bones in most people is 206. | true |
| (t/f) The appendicular skeleton consists of the parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk. | false |
| (t/f) A patient has to have surgery as a result of a sports accident. Several of their carpal bones must be removed after being smashed. The surgery is occurring in the foot. | false |
| (t/f) Fontanels in the fetal skull permit some bone movement, enabling the fetus to pass more easily through the birth canal during childbirth. | true |
| (t/f) The first cervical vertebra is the axis and the second is the atlas. | false |
| (t/f) A martial artist receives a punch that causes the xiphoid process to break. This suggests that the punch hit the pectoral girdle. | false |
| (t/f) The ilium is part of the pelvic girdle. | true |
| (t/f) The femur extends from the knee to the foot. | false |
| (t/f) If the sinus cavities located within the skull were instead completely filled with bone, the skull would be much heavier. | true |
| Give bone shapes and examples. | long bone - forearm short bone - wrists and ankles irregular bone - vertebrae |
| Articular cartilage of a long bone is found... | on the outer surface of the epiphyses |
| Osteoblasts are __________, whereas osteocytes are __________. | - bone-forming cells - mature bone cells |
| Osteoclasts are... | cells that breakdown bone matrix |
| What is an example of an intramembranous bone? | broad, flat skull bones |
| The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that... | the bone is lengthening |
| It is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the bone and looking for a(n)... | epiphyseal plate |
| Red bone marrow functions in the formation of... | - red blood cells - white blood cells - platelets |
| What describe the function(s) of the skeletal system? | - interacts with muscles, providing movement - stores inorganic salts - protects organs, especially in head and thorax |
| The axial skeleton includes... | - skull - hyoid bone - thoracic cage - vertebral column |
| Which three bones fuse to form the hip bone? | - ilium - ischium - pubis |
| The acetabulum is... | a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur |
| A compound fracture... | exposes the broken bone to the outside |
| Mature bone cells are called ____________. | osteocytes |
| Explain/discuss the difference between compact bone and spongy bone. | compact bone - dense - strong and solid - weight-bearing - has cylindrical units called osteons spongy - holes to make it weight less - tubuclear |
| List three factors that affect bone development, growth, and repair. | - vitamins d, a, c - thyroid hormone - stress levels |
| (t/f) A synchondrosis is a cartilaginous joint. | true |
| (t/f) The pubic symphysis is a fibrous joint. | false |
| (t/f) A meniscus cushions articulating surfaces of bones. | true |
| (t/f) Closed, fluid-filled sacs that function as cushions are called bursae. | true |
| (t/f) As you climb a tree, you pull your thigh sideways (spreading your legs apart) to rest your foot on a nearby branch. This thigh movement is adduction. | false |
| (t/f) As you are cooking, you accidentally touch the burner of the stove. You jerk your hand away by contracting muscles in your arm to pull your forearm toward the arm. This movement is flexion. | true |
| (t/f) Rotation of the forearms so the palms face upward is called pronation. | false |
| (t/f) Moving a part away from the midline is abduction. | true |
| (t/f) The elbow joint includes a hinge joint. | true |
| (t/f) The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint. | true |
| Joints are also called... | articulations |
| The intermediate radioulnar joint exists between the radius and the ulna. The two bones are joined together by sheet of dense connective tissue. This joint allows slight movements and flexibility between the two bones. What specific type of joint is this? | fibrous syndesmotic joint |
| Suppose the pubic symphysis did not exist in the pelvic girdle and the two pubic bones were fused in the middle. Which of the following best describes the way the region would be affected if this joint was removed? | childbirth would have a high mortality risk because the pelvic girdle would be rigid and unmovable |
| A suture is an example of a... | fibrous joint |
| A tooth root attached to a jawbone by a periodontal ligament is a __________ . | gomphosis |
| The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies is a... | symphysis that is amphiarthrotic |
| Cartilaginous joints are connected by... | hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage |
| A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a... | syndesmosis |
| A gomphosis is a ______ joint. | fibrous |
| What are types of fibrous joint? | - syndesmosis - suture - symphysis |
| Fluid-filled sacs containing synovial fluid are called... | bursae |
| A football player suffers from a partially torn anterior cruciate ligament. Which joint has been injured? | knee |
| What are examples of synovial joints? | - condylar - ball-and-socket - hinge |
| Most of the joints between the short bones in the ankle and wrist are... | plane joints |
| What is abduction? | lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground |
| The act of closing the fingers to make a fist is an example of what type of joint movement (at the interphalangeal joints)? | flexion |
| You turn your head to look at something. What type of joint movement is this? | rotation |
| The largest and most complex synovial joint is the... | knee joint |
| Movement that brings the foot farther from the shin is a... | plantar flexion |
| What is classification of synarthrotic? | immovable |
| What is classification of amphiarthrotic? | slightly movable |
| What is classification of diarthrotic? | freely movable |
| Most joints of the skeletal system are__________. | synovial |
Created by:
KimBriann
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