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A&P II Final, Pt 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four major regions of the brain? | Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe |
| 2. What is a ventricle? Know the ventricles of the brain and their locations. | Open spaces within the brain |
| 3. When discussing the nervous system, what is a nucleus (pl. nuclei)? | Clusters of neurons with similar functions |
| 4. What are the three layers of cranial meninges, from most superficial to deepest? | Dura mater/ Arachnoid mater/ Pia mater |
| 5. The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called what? | Sub- arachnoid space |
| 6. Describe the three important functions of cerebrospinal fluid (slide 14). | Cushions delicate neural structures/ Supports brain/ Transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products |
| 7. Understand the flow of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the central nervous system, including where it is produced and where it is reabsorbed. | Thru brain ventr, to central canal of spinal cord, into subarachnoid space/ Produced by filter of blood at choroid plexus in ventr. Absorbed by arachnoid granulations in subara space. Secretes back in venous circulation |
| 8. Understand the four means of brain protection and support. | Meninges stabilize brain/ CSF protects against sudden mvmt/ CSF provides nutrients & removes waste/ BBB Selectively isolates brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function |
| 9. The brainstem is made up of which structures? | Midbrain/ pons/ medulla |
| 10. What is the function of the midbrain? | Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes/ Maintains consciousness |
| 11. What is the function of the pons? | Serves as a bridge (relay station) between various parts of the brain, especially the cerebellum and the rest of the brain |
| 12. What are the functions of the medulla oblongata? | Allows brain and spinal cord to communicate/ Coordinates complex autonomic reflexes/ Controls visceral functions |
| 13. What are the functions of the cerebellum? | Adjusts postural muscles/ Fine-tunes conscious and subconscious mvmts/ Muscle memory |
| 14. Describe the general purpose of the diencephalon. | Integrates sensory information and motor commands |
| 15. What structures are included in the diencephalon? | Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
| 16. What are the functions of the thalamus? | FILTERS sensory info FOR primary sensory cortex/ RELAYS info TO cerebral cortex |
| 17. What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres? Know the sulci that divide them. | Frontal/ Parietal/ Temporal/ Occipital Lobe// Central/ Lateral/ Parieto-occipital sulcus |
| 18. What parts of the cerebrum are white vs gray matter? | W: Deep to cerebral cortex/ Around basal nuclei// G: In cerebral cortex and basal nuclei |
| 19. What is the function of the precentral gyrus? | Directs voluntary movements/ Sends commands to skeletal muscles |
| 20. What is the function of the postcentral gyrus? | Receives somatic sensory info (touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, temp) |
| 21. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) | Frontal Lobe: Higher order functions/ Emotional regulation/ Memory/ Intelligence & problem solving/ Producing speech/ Processing and interpreting tastes/ Recognizing smells |
| 22. How many spinal cord segments are there? What are these based on? | 31/ Based on vertebrae where spinal nerves originate |
| 23. What is a spinal nerve? | Attaches to the spine and transmits signals throughout the body |
| 24. What is a cranial nerve? How does it differ from a spinal nerve? | Cranial nerves are not innervated by spinal nerves/ attch directly to the brain |
| What division is responsible for bringing information TO the CNS? | Afferent Divisoin |
| 2. What division is responsible for delivering information FROM the CNS? | Efferent Division |
| 3. Know the general senses and the special senses. What differentiates these? | Temp, Touch, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Vibration/ Do not have specialized receptors or dedicated organs |
| 4. Explain the difference between a SENSATION and a perception. | The arriving info of the senses |
| 4. Explain the difference between a sensation and a PERCEPTION. | Conscious awareness of a sensation |
| 5. What types of stimuli do nociceptors respond to? | Temp extremes/ Mechanical dmg/ Dissolved chem, such as chems released by injured cells |
| 6. What types of stimuli do thermoreceptors respond to? | Extremes of hot and cold.. interpreted as painful |
| 7. What types of stimuli do mechanoreceptors respond to? | Stretching/ Compression/ Twisting/ Other distortions of the membrane |
| 8. What is the difference between fine and crude receptors? | Extremely sensitive, relatively narrow receptive field/ Lg receptive field, provides poor localization |
| 9. Where are baroreceptors found? What do they detect? | Walls of blood vessels & portions of digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts// Pressure |
| 10. Where are proprioceptors found? | Monitors positions of joint and muscles |
| 11. What do chemoreceptors monitor? | pH, carbon dioxide, O2 lvl in arterial blood |
| 12. Define: somatic, visceral, sensory, motor. | Skin, bones. muscles/ Internal organs of trunk/ envior conditions inside or outside body/ Command from CNS that causes mvmt |
| 13. What is a sensory pathway? | The path through the body that a sensation takes to get to the brain |
| 14. What type of neuron is necessary for you to become aware of a sensation? | First- order neurons |
| 15. Understand how the CNS sends somatic motor commands via upper and lower motor neurons. Where is each located? | Carry sensory info from the skin and musculature of the body, wall, head, neck, and limbs to the CNS |
| What does the autonomic nervous system control? | Visceral effectors |
| 2. Where are the integrative centers for autonomic activity? | Hypothalamus |
| 3. What is a ganglion? What is the benefit of using ganglia to hold bundles of neurons? | Clusters of 100s to 1000s of neuron cell bodies/ Allows single impulse to reach many effectors quickly and efficiently |
| 4. Understand the differences in the functional organization of the SOMATIC and autonomic nervous systems (slides 7-10). | Sends motor commands to skeletal muscles via upper and lower motor neurons/ SPECIFIC w/ PRECISE effects/ lower motor neuron passes command directly to a single skeletal muscle unit |
| 5. What is the primary difference between SNS and ANS? (hint: upper/lower motor neurons vs. ganglionic system) | SNS has upper and lower motor neurons/ ANS uses the ganglionic system |
| 6. What are the two divisions of the ANS? | Sympathetic division/ Parasympathetic division |
| 7. Why is the sympathetic division also called the fight or flight division? | Increased alertness, metabolic rate, muscular abilities/ Kicks in during exertions, stress, or emergency |
| 8. Where are the adrenal medullae? | Adrenal glands found near each kidney |
| 9. What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and a hormone? | neurotransmitter is produced and released by a stimulated presynaptic nerve cell, while a hormone is produced by an endocrine gland and released into the blood stream |
| 10. What are seven responses to increased sympathetic activity? | Heightened mental alertness/ Incr metabolic rate/ Reduced digestive and urinary functions/ nrg reserves activated/ incr resp rate and resp psgways dialate/ incr HR and BP/ Sweat glands activated |
| 11. Why is the parasympathetic division also called the rest and digest division? | Controls functions during resting conditions/ Reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion |
| 12. Which nerve provides 75% of all parasympathetic outflow? | CN X |
| 13. What are five responses to increased parasympathetic activity? | Decreases metabolic rate, heart rate, and blood pressure/ increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands, motility, and blood flow in digest tract/ Urination and defecation stimulation |
| 14. Compare the basic structure of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions in terms of location of ganglia (near spinal cord vs near target organ) and the length of the preganglionic and postganglionic fibers (short vs long). | Sympathetic has short pre gf and a long post gf. It also goes directly to circ syst/ Parasympathetic has a long pre gf and a short post gf. Goes directly to target |
| 15. What are fact memories and skill memories? | Specific bits of info/ Learned behavior |
| 16. Compare short-term memories and long-term memories, including secondary and tertiary memories. | Info can be recalled immediately/ contain small bits of info/ primary memories//Stay around longer// Fade and require effort to recall// With you for life |
| 17. What is the name of the process of converting short-term memories to long-term memories? | Memory consolidation |
| 18. At least how long is needed to convert a short-term memory to long-term? What is crucial for this process? | 1 hr/ repetition! |
| 19. What are some factors that affect conversion from short- to long-term memory? | Repetition/ nature, intensity, frequency or orig stim/ strong, repeated, exceedingly pleasant or unpleasant events likely converted to long- term mem |
| 20. What is the function of the reticular activating system? | Projects basic signals to thalamic nuclei that influence large areas of cerebral cortex |
| 21. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) | Parietal: Process and interpreting sensory info from all over the body (somatic sensory info) |
| 21. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) | Temporal: Processing and interpreting hearing, smells/ Recognizing language/ Forming memories |
| 21. Know the major functions of each lobe of the cerebrum. (slides 54-56) | Occipital: Major visual processing and interpretation/ Depth, distance, location, and identity of seen objects |
| 4. Understand the differences in the functional organization of the somatic and AUTONOMIC nervous systems (slides 7-10). | Sends motor commands to visceral effectors via ganglionic system. EFFICIENT w/ WIDESPREAD effects/ motor comd generated in the hypothalamus, passed to a pre g neuron in brain or spinal cord/ pre g fibers to ganglion to post g fibers to visceral effectors. |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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