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A&P II Final, Pt 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the major function of each of the four chambers of the heart? (slide 6) | R Atrium: Collects blood from systemic circuit/ R Ventricle: Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit/L Atrium: Collects blood from pulmonary circuit/L Ventricle: Pumps blood to systemic circuit |
| 2. Understand the superficial anatomy of the heart, being able to identify and describe each of these parts: left and right atrium, left and right ventricle, superior and inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta. | |
| 3. Which laver of the heart wall is responsible for contraction? | Myocardium |
| 4. Understand the flow of blood through the heart. | |
| 5. What is the reason for the structural differences between the left and right ventricles? | |
| 6. Know when the AV valves are open and closed and when the semilunar valves are open and closed. | Ventricles relaxed; AV valves open and semilunar valves closed/ Ventricles contract; AV valves closed and semilunar valves open |
| 7. What is the blood supply to the heart itself called? | Coronary circulation |
| 8. What causes coronary artery disease? | Partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation |
| 9. What is happening during a myocardial infarction? | Heart attack/ Part of the coronary circulation becomes blocked, cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen |
| 10. What is the conducting system? | Specialized cardiac muscle cells/ initiates and distributes electrical impulses that stimulate contraction |
| 11. Does the heart require input from any other systems in order to beat? | Yes/ SA node |
| 12. Understand the five steps of impulse conduction through the heart. | Impulses is generated at the SA node/ Impulse passes to AV node/ Through AV bundle/ Through L&R bundle branches/ To purkinje fibers |
| 13. What is an electrocardiogram? | A recording of electrical events in the heart/ obtained by electrodes at spec body loc/ abnormal patterns diagnose dmg or disorder |
| 14. What is a cardiac arrhythmia? | Abnormal variations in the contraction of the heart |
| 15. What is a defibrillator and what does it do? | Detect arrhythmias and respond by sending an electric shock through the body/ shock can reset heart rhythm |
| 16. What is the cardiac cycle? | Series of pressure chngs within the heart during on heartbeat |
| 17. What is systole? | Contraction of a chamber |
| 17. What is diastole? | Relaxation of a chamber |
| 18. Understand the steps of the cardiac cycle. | 1. Atrial Systole: blood pushed into ventr thru open AV valves, semilunar valves closed/2. Ventricular Systole: blood is pushed into aorta and pulmonary trunk thru open semilunar valves/3. Diastole: AV chambers relaxed, AV valv open, Semilu Valv closed. |
| 19. What is EDV? | End-diastolic vol: Maximum vol held by the ventricles at the end of ventricular diastole |
| 19. What is ESV? | End-systolic vol: Minimum vol held by the ventricles at the end of ventricular systole |
| 20. How is stroke volume calculated? | Vol of blood ejected by the left ventricle during systole |
| 21. How is cardiac output calculated? | CO=HRxSV |
| 22. What factors affect cardiac output? | Adjusted changes in heart rate or stroke volume |
| 1. Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? | Arteries |
| 2. Which vessels carry blood to the heart? | Veins |
| 3. What are the three layers of blood vessel walls? | Tunica intima/ Tunica media/ Tunica externa |
| 4. What are the key differences between arteries and veins? (slide 9) | Thicker walls & higher blood pressure/ Collapsed A has small, round lumen/ lining folds/ more elastic/// Large, flat lumen/ Has valves |
| 5. What are the three sizes of arteries? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Elastic arteries: Conducting arteries/ lrg vessels (pulm trunk & aorta)/ Tun media has many elastic fibers and few muscle cells/ Elasticity evens out pulse force |
| 6. What is the function of capillaries? | Location of all exchange functions of cardiovascular system/ Mats diffuse btwn blood and interstitial fluid |
| 7. What are the three sizes of veins? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and | Large veins: Have all three tunica layers (Thick tunica externa, thin tunica media) |
| 8. What are venous valves? Why do veins need valves? | Fold of tunica intima// Prevents blood from flowing backward. Compression pushes blood toward heart |
| 9. What are systolic and diastolic pressure? | Peak arterial pressure during ventricular contraction// Minimum arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation |
| 10. What is normal blood pressure and what do these numbers refer to? | 120/80 (millimeters of mercury) |
| 11. Where is blood pressure typically measured? | Brachial artery |
| 12. Why do athletes have lower resting HR than nonathletes? | Stronger heart muscles due to exercise/ Lgr stroke vol= fewer BPM |
| 13. Why is maintaining constant blood flow to the brain important? | Brain has high O2 demand (20%)/ Drives nearly all activites that maintain life/consciousness |
| 14. Where do fetuses get oxygenated blood? | Placenta |
| 1. Why is oxygen necessary in the body? | Cells use oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP |
| 2. What are the five functions of the respiratory system? | Produces extensive gas exchange surface area btwn air and circulating blood/ Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs/ Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment/ Produces sounds/ Participates in olfactory sense |
| 3. What is the dividing line between the upper and lower respiratory system? | Larynx |
| 4. The pharynx is a shared component of two different organ systems. What are they? | Digestive and respiratory systems |
| 5. What is the function of the tracheal cartilages? | Strengthens and protects airway |
| 6. Know the structural differences between the right and left lungs and why they exist. | Right lung: 3 lobes, wider, displaced upward by liver/ Left lung: Two lobes, longer, displaced upward by heart |
| 7. Understand bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction. | Dilation. Sympathetic ANS/ Constriction. Parasympathetic ANS |
| 8. What are alveoli? What occurs at alveoli? | Tiny saclike structures within pulmonary lobules/ Gas exchange |
| 9. What TYPE of epithelium is the alveolar epithelium? What are the three types of specialized cells found there? What are their functions? | Inner lining, simple squamous/ Thin, Pneumocytes type I/ Pneumocytes type II/ Alveolar macrophages |
| 9. What type of epithelium is the alveolar epithelium? What are the three types of specialized cells found there? What are their FUNCTIONS? | Pneumocytes type I: Form part of the membrane across which gas exchange occurs/ Pneumocytes Type II: Produce surfactant// Alveolar macrophages: Clean up dust, bacteria, or allergens |
| 10. What is the respiratory membrane? | Thin membrane lining alveoli across which gas exchange takes place/ Made up of pneumocytes type I, capillaries, elastic fibers |
| 11. Why is diffusion across the respiratory membrane very rapid? | Short distance & gases are lipid soluble |
| 12. Understand each of the three integrated processes of respiration. | Pulmonary ventilation: Breathing. Getting air from environment into the lungs/ External respiration: gases to lungs & bloodstream/ Internal respiration: gases to bloodstream and body tissues |
| 13. Understand the difference in inhalation and exhalation in terms of which is active, passive, or both. | Inhalation=active/ Exhalation=active or passive (muscles not needed to exhale but can be used) |
| 14. Understand external respiration. | Gases are exchanged between the lungs and bloodstream |
| 15. Understand internal respiration. | Gases are exchanged between bloodstream and body tissues |
| 16. What causes oxygen and carbon dioxide to move to the right places? | O2 from air is exchanged for CO2 from the bloodstream/ Becomes oxygenated/ O2 diffuses into bloodstream & pumped back to the heart/ CO2 diffuses into the air % expelled through exhalation |
| 17. Blood arriving in alveolar capillaries has _____ O2 and ______ CO2. (high/low) | Low/High |
| 18. Blood arriving in peripheral capillaries has _____ O2 and _____ CO2. (high/low) | High/ Low |
| 19. In alveolar capillaries, which gas will enter blood and which gas will leave blood? | O2 to enter and CO2 to leave |
| 20. In peripheral capillaries, which gas will enter blood and which gas will leave blood? | CO2 diffuse into blood/ O2 diffuse out of blood |
| 5. What are the three sizes of arteries? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Muscular arteries: distribution arteries/ Median sized/ tunica media has many muscle cells |
| 5. What are the three sizes of arteries? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and functional differences. | Arterioles: small/ Little or no tunica externa/ Thin or incomplete tunica media |
| 7. What are the three sizes of veins? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and | Medium-sized veins: Thin tunica media and few smooth muscle cells/ Tunica externa with longitudinal bundles of elastic fibers |
| 7. What are the three sizes of veins? Which are largest and which are smallest? Understand all structural and | Venules: Very small veins/ Collect blood from capillaries |
Created by:
Clinton Perdue
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