Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 20
The Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the four functions of the heart | Generates BP, routing blood, ensures one way blood flow, and regulates blood supply. |
| The right side of the heart pumps blood through ____ to lungs; blood returns to left side of the heart | pulmonary circulation |
| Left side of heart pumps blood through ____ circulation to remaining tissues; blood returns to right side. | systemic |
| What is the size, shape, and location of the heart | size of a closed fist, shaped like a blunt cone, and lies in the mediastinum |
| The heart consists of how many atria and ventricles | 2 and 2 |
| The coronary sulcus is between ______. | atria and ventricles |
| The right and left coronary arteries arise from the | aorta |
| Why is knowing the heart's location important? | stethoscope placement, EKG placement and CPR |
| Describe the structure of the pericardium | is a double layered, closed sac that surrounds the heart |
| What two layers make up the pericardium | Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium |
| What is the function of the fibrous layer | is tough and prevents overextension of the heart and anchors it |
| What is the function of the serous layer | its thin and lines and covers the heart |
| The serous layer can be further divided in to two layers, what are they? | Parietal and visceral pericardium |
| What is the function of pericardial fluid | reduces friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac |
| What are the 3 layers of the heart wall, superficial to deep | Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium |
| What are the functions of the epicardium | superficial layer of the heart, provides protection against the friction of rubbing organs |
| Functions of myocardium | thick middle layer that is responsible for the hearts ability to contract |
| functions of endocardium | forms the smooth inner surface of the heart chambers allowing blood to move easily through the heart |
| Name the chambers of the heart and their structures | two atria and two ventricles |
| What is an auricle and where can you see them | flaplike extensions of the atria that can be seen between each atrium and ventricle |
| Where would you find pectinate muscles | in auricles and right atrial wall |
| Where would you find trabeculae carnae | ridges and columns on inside walls of ventricles |
| Describe the flow of blood through the coronary arteries and their branches | Right and left coronary arteries exit the aorta |
| Which veins carry blood from the body to the right atrium | superior vena cava and inferior vena cava |
| How many pulmonary veins carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium | 4 |
| Blood leaves the ventricles of the heart through two arteries, what are they? | Pulmonary trunk and aorta |
| What is coronary circulation | blood vessels that carry blood to and from the tissues of the heart wall |
| A large groove that runs obliquely around the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles | coronary sulcus |
| Which coronary artery is smaller- left or right? | Right |
| What structure separates the atria from eachother | interatrial septum |
| What structure separates the ventricles from eachother | Interventricular grooves |
| Each atrium has a flap called ___ | the auricle |
| The four pulmonary veins enter the | left atrium |
| Blood returns from the heart tissues to the right atrium through the | coronary sulcus and cardiac veins |
| What valve separates the right atrium and ventricle | tricuspid |
| what valve separates the left ventricle and atrium | bicuspid |
| What attaches the papillary muscles to teh atrioventricular valves | chordae tendineae |
| What valves separate the aorta and pulmonary trunk from the ventricles | semilunar valves |
| Describe the blood flow through the heart | blood from body flows through the right atrium into the right ventricle then to the lungs, Blood comes back to the left atrium through the left ventricle and is pumped back in to the body |
| What is the heart skeleton's functions | supports openings of the heart, electrically insulates the atria from ventricles, and provides a point of attachment for heart muscle. |
| Cardiac muscle cells are joined by _____, which allow action potentials to move from one cell to the next. Thus, cardiac muscle cells function as a unit. | intercalated disks |
| Cardiac muscle cells have a ___ onset of contraction and a prolonged contraction time caused by the length of time required for calcium to move to and from the myofibrils | Slow |
| Cardiac muscle is well supplied with blood vessels that support | aerobic respiration |
| The SA node and the AV node are located in the | right atrium |
| The AV node is connected to the bundle branches in the interventricular septum by the | AV bundle |
| The bundle branches give rise to Purkinje fibers, which supply the | ventricles |
| The SA node is made up of small-diameter cardiac muscle cells that initiate action potentials, which spread across the atria and cause them to | contract |
| After depolarization and partial repolarization, a ________ is reached, during which the membrane potential only slowly repolarizes. | plateau |
| Why are pacemaker muscle cells autorythmic | because of the spontaneous development of a pacemaker potential |
| Name the areas of the heart that regulate heart rate under abnormal conditions | Ectopic foci |
| Why does cardiac muscle have a prolonged refractory period | it allows time for the cardiac muscle to relax before the next action potential causes a contraction |
| An ECG records | the electrical activities of the heart |
| Depolarization of the atria produces the | P wave |
| Depolarization of the ventricles produces the | QRS complex |
| Repolarization of the ventricles produces the | T wave |
| Based on the magnitude of the ECG waves and the time between waves, ECGs can be used to diagnose | Heart abnormalities |
| What is the cardiac cycle | repetitive contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers |
| Blood moves through the circulatory system from areas of ____ pressure to areas of ____ pressure. Contraction of the heart produces the pressure. | Higher: lower |
| Although the heart is contracting, during the period of ______, ventricular volume does not change because all the heart valves are closed. | isovolumetric contraction |
| During the period of ejection, the semilunar valves ____ and blood is ejected from the heart. | open, |
| Although the heart is relaxing, during the period of isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular volume does or does not change because all the heart valves are closed. | does not |
| Passive ventricular filling results when | blood flows from the higher pressure in the veins and atria to the lower pressure in the relaxed ventricles. |
| Active ventricular filling results when the ____ contract and pump blood into the ventricles. | atria |
| Define systole | contraction of a chamber |
| Define diastole | relaxation of a chamber |
| Dicrotic notch | when the aortic semilunar valve closes, pressure within the aorta increases slightly |
| Is BP taken from in the arm is a reflection of aortic or ventricular pressures? | aortic |
| What is the mean aterial pressure? what is it caused from | slightly less than average BP in aorta, this is due to heart being in diastole |
| How is MAP calculated | Cardiac output * Peripheral resistance |
| What is cardiac output? How is it calculated? | the amount of blood pumped by heart per minute. Stroke vlume*Heart rate |
| What is stroke volume? | Blood pumped during each heart beat |
| What is cardiac reserve? | Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO |
| What is peripheral resistance? | The total resistance against which blood must be pumped |
| Intrinsic regulation results from | normal heart function |
| What is preload? | amount of stretch of the ventricular walls, the greater the preload the greater force of contraction |
| what is afterload | pressure the contracting ventricles must produce to overcome the pressure in the aorta and move blood into aorta. |
| What is The Starling law | the relationship between preload and the stroke volume of the heart |
| What does extrinsic regulation involve | neural and hormonal control |
| What does parasympathetic stimulation do? Where is it supplied? | decreases HR, acetylcholine is secreted and hyperpolarizes heart. is supplied by the vagus nerve |
| Sympathetic stimulation is supplied by? | cardiac nerves |
| Sympathetic stimulation does... | Increases heart rate and force of contraction. Epinephrine and norepinephrine released. |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released into the blood from the adrenal medulla as a result of what type of stimulation | sympathetic stimulation. |
| Baroreceptors monitor | BP |
| 2. In response to a decrease in blood pressure, the baroreceptor reflexes increase sympathetic stimulation and decrease parasympathetic stimulation of the heart, resulting in ______ heart rate and force of contraction | increased |
| Chemoreceptors monitor | blood carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen levels |
| Heart rate _____ when body temperature increases, and it decreases when body temperature decreases. | Increases |
Created by:
akc0204
Popular Anatomy sets