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Module 3-BSC2085L
BSC2085L- chapter 8,9,11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of following is a true statement and explains why the number of bones varies with age? | Many bones fuse together during development, resulting in fewer bones in the adult. |
| Condyle | A rounded knob that articulates with another bone |
| Facet | A smooth, flat, articular surface |
| Head | The prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded |
| The largest cavity in the skull that encloses the brain is the ________ cavity. | cranial |
| Which term refers to the bony structure that surrounds the brain? | Cranium |
| The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage comprise the __________ skeleton. | axial |
| How many bones does the skeleton typically contain at birth? | 270 |
| Which of these are represented twice in the cranium? | Parietal and temporal |
| The cranial cavity encloses which of the following? | brain |
| The skullcap that forms the roof and walls of the skull is called which of the following? | Calvaria |
| The axial skeleton can be defined as which of the following? | The bones of the supporting central axis of the body |
| Choose the sutures surrounding the parietal bones | Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous Coronal |
| Name all the bones that are part of the skull | Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Parietal Temporal Ethmoid |
| The mandibular condyle articulates with which part of the temporal bone? | Mandibular fossa |
| The temporal process of the ____________ bone forms part of the zygomatic arch. | Zygomatic |
| The ear canal is also called the ______. | external acoustic meatus |
| Which process on the temporal bone provides a site of attachment for muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone? | Styloid process |
| What is the pointed spine on the inferior surface of the temporal bone? | Styloid process |
| Which of the following terms refers to the large hole in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to enter the cranial cavity | Foramen magnum |
| The carotid canal is a passageway for the ______. | carotid artery |
| Which bone is located in the neck and does not articulate with any other bone? | Hyoid |
| Choose the four prominent fontanels. | Mastoid Sphenoid Anterior Posterior |
| The opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord exits the cranial cavity is the foramen ________. | magnum |
| An intervertebral disc is made out of which type of cartilage? | Fibrocartilage |
| What are the components of the thoracic cage? | Ribs Sternum Thoracic vertebrae |
| The bones that make up the pectoral girdle are the _____________ and the scapula. | clavicle |
| Which of the following is the weight bearing portion of the vertebra? | body |
| Brachium | Contains the humerus |
| Antebrachium | Contains the radius and ulna |
| Carpus | Contains the wrist bones |
| Hand | Contains the metacarpals and phalanges |
| The hemispherical area of the humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity is the ________ of the humerus. | head |
| The groove that borders the smooth, cartilage-covered head of the humerus is the __________ neck, | anatomical |
| Match the segment of the upper limb with the number of bones it contains. 1------------> 2------------> 8------------> 5------------> 14-----------> | Brachium Antebrachium Carpus Metacarpal Digits |
| Name the group of bones that form the wrist. | carpals |
| The lateral bone of the forearm is the ___________. | radius |
| The rough spot on the lateral shaft of the humerus that serves as an attachment for the shoulder muscle is the __________ tuberosity. | deltoid |
| Choose all the bones that comprise the pelvic girdle. | Sacrum Coxal bones |
| Match the segment of the lower limb with its synonym. Thigh-----------> Leg--------------> Foot------------> | Femoral region Crural region Pedal region |
| When you rest your elbow on a table, which bony part of the ulna is on the table? | Olecranon |
| The bones that are short bones in the wrist are called _________ bones. | carpal |
| Match the segment of the lower limb with its description. Femoral region-----> Crural region-------> Tarsal region--------> Foot region----------> | Contains the femur Contains the tibia and fibula Where the crural region and foot me Contains the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges |
| Which of the following terms refers to the two smooth, rounded surfaces at the distal end of the femur which help form the joint of the knee? | Medial and lateral condyles |
| Which of the following is the common name of the patella? | kneecap |
| The weight-bearing bone of the lower leg is the _______. | tibia |
| The medial and lateral _________ of the tibia articulate with the femur. | condyle |
| Identify the two terms that describe a point where two bones meet. | Joint Articulation |
| A person studying movement in the body, but focusing specifically on joint structure, function, and disease, would be studying _____________. | Arthrology |
| What does kinesiology study? | Musculoskeletal movement |
| How are individual joints typically named? | Based on the names of the bones involved in the joint |
| Which joint classifications are used to describe how the bone ends of a joint are held together? | Bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial |
| A bony, immovable joint is called a(n) | Synostosis |
| The fusion of the right and left mandible into a single mandible bone during fetal development is an example of the formation of what kind of joint? | Synostosis |
| True or false. The anatomical name of a joint is determined by the manner in which the bone ends are connected at the joint. | False |
| True or false. Bony joints are formed by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints. | True |
| The classification of a joint as bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes which of the following? | How the bone ends are held together within the joint |
| What holds the bones together in a fibrous joint? | Collagen fibers |
| Based on structure, the sagittal suture is what type of joint? | Fibrous |
| Ossification of a fibrous or cartilaginous joint results in the formation of a _______ joint. | Bony |
| Fibrous joints with shorter fibers between the bones are going to be _______ movable than fibrous joints with longer fibers. | less |
| What is another term for a fibrous joint? | Synarthrosis |
| What are the three types of fibrous joints? | Suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis |
| Where are sutures found? | Only in the skull |
| Choose all the phrases that describe a suture. | Fibrous joint Immobile or slightly mobile |
| A suture in which the bone edges are interlocked together, appearing as a wavy line, is a __________ suture. | serrate |
| How do syndesmoses compare to sutures or gomphoses? | They are more moveable. |
| A suture in which the bone edges are beveled and overlap is a _________ suture. | squamous |
| The type of suture that lacks overlapping edges is the _______ suture. | plane |
| What is a joint in which a hard object, such as a tooth, is held in a bone cavity called? | Gomphosis |
| Synarthrotic fibrous joints between the bones of the skull are called _____________. | sutures |
| Which describes the edges of a serrate suture? | Interlocking |
| A type of mobile fibrous joint in which the bones are held together by a band of long collagen fibers is a(n) ___________. | syndesmosis |
| In a symphysis, bones are held together by which of the following? | Fibrocartilage |
| Synchondroses and symphyses are types of what kind of joint? | Cartilaginous |
| The epiphyseal plate in a growing bone is an example of what type of joint? | Synchondrosis |
| In which type of joint are the bones separated by a narrow, fluid-filled, encapsulated space? | Synovial |
| True or False Joints containing an interosseous membrane are examples of fibrous joints. | true |
| Intervertebral discs comprised of fibrocartilage are found within what type of joints? | Symphyses |
| Because it is a freely moveable joint, a synovial joint is also called a ______ joint. | diarthrosis |
| Choose all the types of cartilaginous joints. | Synchondroses Symphyses |
| What is the hyaline cartilage found at the end of the bones within a synovial joint called? | Articular cartilage |
| What is a synchondrosis held together by? | Hyaline cartilage |
| The inner layer of a joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is called the _______________ membrane. | synovial |
| A synovial joint cavity is enclosed by which of the following? | Joint capsule |
| Joints with an interosseous membrane are examples of which type of fibrous joint? | Syndesmoses |
| Which structure is found between the bones of the temporomandibular joint? | Fibrocartilage pad |
| In regard to the degree of movement allowed, most synovial joints are which of the following? | Freely movable |
| Tendons can serve which of the following functions? | Stabilize a joint Attach muscle to bone |
| Which are found in synovial fluid? | Albumin and hyaluronic acid |
| What comprises the outer layer of a synovial joint capsule? | Fibrous capsule |
| What does a ligament connect? | A bone to another bone |
| What is the function of a tendon sheath? | Prevent friction |
| What is the hyaline cartilage found at the end of the bones within a synovial joint called? | Articular cartilage |
| A structure that is an elongated structure that is utilized to generate a mechanical advantage around a fulcrum is called a(n) __________. | lever |
| Within a musculoskeletal lever system, what is the fulcrum? | joint |
| Within a lever system, what is the resistance arm? | The portion of the lever from the fulcrum to the point of resistance |
| What are the fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid found in areas where friction from tendons occurs called? | Bursae |
| What are the three factors that can represent resistance in a musculoskeletal lever system? | The opposing muscle tension The weight of a limb The object being moved |
| The mechanical advantage is the ratio of Blank______. | a lever's output force to its input force |
| In a musculoskeletal lever system, what force does the muscle contraction provide? | Effort |
| If a lever's mechanical advantage is 1.0 or greater, which of the following is true? | The lever produces more force (but less speed or distance) than the force exerted on it. |
| If a lever's mechanical advantage is less than 1.0, which of the following is true? | The lever produces more speed or distance (but less force) than the force exerted on it. |
| The tone of an opposing muscle can represent resistance in a musculoskeletal lever system. | True |
| Extension of the arm at the elbow is an example of what type of lever system? | Third-class |
| Which describes a second-class lever? | The resistance is located between the fulcrum and effort. |
| Within the skeletal anatomy, what supplies the effort? | Muscle contraction |
| The flexibility of a joint is assessed as which of the following? | Range of motion |
| Sitting in a chair and raising one thigh is an example of what class of lever system? | Second |
| How would a joint with three degrees of freedom be classified? | Multiaxial |
| Considering the axes of rotation, a(n) _________ joint allows movement in only one plane. | monaxial |
| Match each joint with the type of synovial joint it represents. Trapeziometacarpal joint------> Ulnar-humeral joint------> A joint between carpal bones----> Glenohumeral joint-------> Radioulnar joint--------> Metacarpophalangeal joint------> | Saddle joint Hinge joint Plane joint Ball-and-socket joint Pivot joint Condylar joint |
| Based on their degree of freedom (number of axes of rotation), ball-and-socket joints are ______. | multiaxial |
| Which three factors contribute to the range of motion at a joint? | The structure of bony articular surfaces The action of muscles and tendons The strength of ligaments and joint capsule |
| Based on their degree of freedom, condylar joints are classified as ______ joints. | biaxial |
| What type of synovial joint is found at the base of the thumb (the trapeziometacarpal joint)? | Saddle |
| In which type of synovial joint are the bone surfaces flat or nearly flat? | plane |
| In which type of synovial joint does one bone with a convex non-hemispherical surface fit into the concave depression of another? | Hinge |
| The atlas turning on the dens is an example of a ______ joint. | pivot |
| Considering axes of rotation, a hinge joint is classified as ______ because it allows movement in just one plane. | monaxial |
| What is the ability of muscle cells to shorten called? | Contractility |
| Which property allows muscle cells to stretch to as much as three times their contracted length? | Extensibility |
| Skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark bands called | striations |
| Which are not attached to bones? | Involuntary muscles |
| Muscle cells contain __________ a red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity. | myoglobin |
| Muscle and nerve cells have developed which characteristic more than other cells? | Excitability |
| What is myoglobin? | A molecule that stores oxygen in muscles |
| What is the indented region of the sarcolemma that participates in the neuromuscular junction called? | Motor end plate |
| The voltage measured across the muscle cell at rest is about -90mV and is called the resting membrane __________. | potential |
| Within a synapse, a neuron ends in a swelling called a(n) _________ terminal. | axon |
| What is the change in membrane potential with the entry of sodium ions called? | Depolarization |
| What is acetylcholine? | The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction |
| During repolarization, which ions diffuse out of the cell, changing the membrane potential back to a negative value? | Potassium |
| What do neurons and muscle cells have in common? | Their membranes undergo voltage changes when stimulated. |
| Their membranes undergo voltage changes when stimulated. | A rapid fluctuation in the membrane potential following stimulation |
| A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a ____________ junction. | neuromuscular |
| Excitation involves the generation of action potentials, and occurs in both neurons and muscle fibers. | True |
| What is a difference in electrical charge from one point to another called? | Electrical potential |
| During depolarization of a muscle cell or nerve cell, ion channels in the plasma membrane open allowing which ions to enter the cell? | Sodium |
| When a nerve signal arrives at a synaptic knob, which voltage-gated channels open in the knob? | Calcium |
| During an action potential, the loss of potassium ions from the cell results in which of the following? | Repolarization |
| When acetylcholine binds to its receptors on the motor end plate, an ion channel opens and which ions diffuse quickly into the muscle cell? | Sodium |
| The quick up-and-down voltage shift from negative to positive, created by the movement of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane, is called a(n) ___________ potential. | action |
| What is the process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber called? | Excitation |
| In contrast to the action potential, the ______ potential causes the opening of ion channels, which results in the initial movement of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane at the neuromuscular junction. If continued, this in turn can trigger an | end-plate |
| Which phase of contraction links the action potential in the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilament? | Excitation-contraction coupling |
| Calcium stimulates exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles to release the which neurotransmitter into the synapse? | Acetylcholine |
| In an NMJ, after acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft, where does it bind to ligand-gated channels? | On the sarcolemma |
| What is the function of a T tubule? | T tubules carry the action potential through the sarcoplasm. |
| Where does the end-plate potential occur? | Motor end plate |
| What is excitation-contraction coupling? | The events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilaments |
| What occurs when calcium binds to troponin? | The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes the myosin binding sites (active sites). |
| The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called ______. | contraction |
| How does an action potential move deep into the muscle cell? | Via the T-tubules |
| The prevailing theory regarding muscle contraction is called the _________ filament theory. | sliding |
| Action potentials cause the opening of voltage-gated sodium ion channels in the ____________ tubules. This leads to the opening of calcium ion channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | transverse |
| Which is not a step of skeletal muscle contraction? | Breakdown of creatine phosphate |
| What must occur before tropomyosin can shift, revealing the active sites that allow myosin heads to bind to the actin filaments? | Calcium must bind to troponin. |
| Myosin ATPase is an enzyme in the myosin head that hydrolyzes ATP to release energy. | True |
| Which occurs during muscle contraction? | The overlapping of myofilaments increases. |
| During contraction, the cocked myosin head binds to an exposed active site on the actin protein of the _______________ filament to form a cross-bridge. | thin actin |
| What does the sliding filament theory describe? | Muscle contraction |
| What forms a cross-bridge? | A cocked head of myosin bound to actin |
| During contraction, what causes a power stroke? | When myosin releases ADP and flexes to a low energy position |
| How much does a muscle fiber shorten from a single cycle of power and recovery strokes by all the myosin heads? | 1% of its resting length |
| What is myosin ATPase? | An enzyme located in the myosin head that hydrolyzes ATP |
| What is the hydrolysis of ATP and preparation for reattachment to the thin filament by the myosin head called? | The recovery stroke |
| Which stage of contraction occurs when the myosin releases ADP and flexes, pulling the thin filament toward the M line? | Power stroke |
| Why does a filament stay in place when a single myosin head releases? | Because hundreds of other myosin heads are still attached |
| During cross-bridge formation, the cocked head of myosin attaches to what on the thin filament? | Active site |
| What is a power stroke during muscle contraction? | The flexing of myosin into a bent position |
| During which phase of muscle contraction is calcium transported back into the cisternae and tropomyosin moves back to block the actin active sites? | Relaxation |
| During contraction, each power stroke consumes one molecule of what? | ATP |
| Choose all that occur during the relaxation phase of muscle contraction. | Muscle tension declines. Calcium levels in the sarcoplasm fall. Myosin releases the thin filaments. |
| The cross-bridge created by the binding of a myosin head to an active site on an actin filament is broken by binding ______. | ATP |
| The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called | AChE (acetylcholinesterase) |
| What happens when a myosin head releases from actin? | The filament remains in the same place. |
| What forms a cross-bridge? | A cocked head of myosin bound to actin |
| After contraction, what causes muscles to return to their resting length? | Elastic elements within the sarcomere |
| During short bursts of intense activity, ATP for muscle contraction is supplied by which of the following? | Creatine phosphate |
| Which statements about lactic acid in muscle fibers is true? | Lactic acid does not build up in muscle fibers so it does not cause muscle fatigue. |
| Choose all that provide the energy needed for short bursts of intense activity. | ATP Creatine phosphate |
| The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of which two types of muscle tissue? | Cardiac Smooth |
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Jen2pen
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