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Module 3 key points
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the axial skeleton? | Forms the central supporting axis of the body i.e skull, auditory ossicles (middle-ear bones), hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | the portion of the vertebrate endoskeleton consisting of the bones and cartilages that support the paired appendages i.e pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. |
| What are the differences between the axial and appendicular skeleton? | The axial skeleton supports the axis of the body and protect the major internal organs while the appendicular skeleton provide support to paired appendages. |
| List the paired bones in the face. | Maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal and inferior nasal conchae |
| List the unpaired bones in the face. | Volmer and Mandible |
| Which bones are part of the paranasal sinuses? | Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid and Maxillary bone |
| What are the name of the sinuses? | Frontal sinus, Sphenoidal sinus, Ethmoidal sinus and Maxillary sinus |
| What is scoliosis? | Abnormal spinal curvature in the lateral curvature that is prevalent in adolescent girl. Can result from developmental abnormality where the arch failed to develop on one side of the vertebra. |
| what is Kyphosis? | A bend that is concave in the anterior direction (curved outward toward the back) i.e thoracic kyphosis and pelvic kyphosis |
| What is lordosis? | A bend toward the front (concave posteriorly) i.e cervical lordosis and lumbar lordosis |
| What are the characteristics of the cervical vertebrae? | All have round transvers foramen C1: Atlas, no body, deep superior articular facet C2: Axis. prominent dens C3-C6: Typical cervical vertebra w/ a transverse foramina & bifid spinous process C7: No bifid, long, with prominent bump on the back |
| What are the characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae? | Lack transverse foramina and bifid processes. Spinous processes are pointed and sharply pointed downward. Body heard shaped, larger than the cervical vert., with costal facets T1-T10 have transverse costal facets |
| What are the characteristics of the lumbar vertebrae? | Thick, stout body and blunt, squarish spinous process. Body is larger than the thoracic vert. Superior processes face medially and the inferior processes face laterally. |
| What are the different ribs in the thoracic cage? | True ribs (1-7)- each has its own costal cartilage connecting it to the sternum False ribs (8-12)- lack independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum. Floating ribs (11-12)- articulate with T11 and T12 but lack tubercles and don't attach to vert. |
| What are the long bones in the upper limbs? | Humerus, Ulna and Radius |
| What are the long bones in the lower limbs? | Femur, Tibia and Fibula |
| Define and characterize : Bony joints | aka synostosis, an immobile joint formed when the gap between 2 bones ossifies and becomes one in both fibrous and cartilaginous joints. Examples: infant right/left frontal and mandibular bones= frontal and mandible |
| Define and characterize : Fibrous joints | aka synarthrosis, a point in which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate another. Examples: Sutures and gomphoses (short fibers, allow for little to no mov.) and syndesmoses (long fibers, allow for more mov.) |
| Define and characterize : Cartilaginous joints | aka amphiarthrosis, two bones linked by cartilage Examples: synchondroses- bound by hyaline cartilage like the sternum to the costal cartilage. Symphyses- bound by fibrocartilage like the pubic symphysis |
| Define and characterize : synovial joints | the most common type of joint in the body, and are the main joints responsible for its function. They are freely movable joints that allow bones to move against each other, and are found in the limbs such as the shoulders, hips, knees, and elbows. |
| Define and characterize : The jaw joint | aka Temporomandibular joint, articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. |
| Define and characterize : The shoulder joint | aka glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint, where the hemispherical head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Without this hand, shoulder and elbow mov. is useless. |
| Define and characterize : The elbow joint | a hinge joint composed of the articulations, the humeroulnar joint (trochlea of humerus joins the trochlear notch of the ulna) and the humeroradial joint (the capitulum humerus meets the head of the radius) enclosed in a single joint capsule. |
| Define and characterize : The hip joint | aka Coxal joint, point where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone. They have deep sockets to bear the bodies weight and are more stable than the shoulder joint. |
| Define and characterize : The knee joint | aka Tibiofemoral joint, largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body. Primarily a hinge joint but when flexed it is also capable of slight rotation and lateral gliding. |
| Define and characterize : The ankle joint | aka Talocrural joint, includes two articulations: a medial joint (betwix the tibia and talus) & a lateral joint (betwix the fibula and talus) enclosed in a joint capsule. Malleoli of tibia & fibula overhang on the talus like a cap thus restricted range. |
| What are the different types of levers? | 1st class lever, 2nd class lever and 3rd class lever |
| Define first-class lever. | The fulcrum is in the middle (EFR) like a seesaw. Example: occipital joint of the neck where back neck muscles pull down the occipital bine and oppose the tendency of he head to tip forward. |
| Define second-class lever. | The resistance is in the middle (FRE) like lifting the handles of a wheelbarrow. Example: sitting and bouncing a child on your knee |
| Define third-class lever. | The effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance (REF) like paddling a canoe. Most musculoskeletal levers are third class. |
| How are synovial joints able to glide? | The are plane (gliding) joints that have flat/slightly concave/convex surfaces. Thus they are able to slide over each other and have relatively limited movement. Found in the carpal bones and tarsal bone. |
| What are the 2 types of synovial joints that make angular movement possible? | Ball-and socket: smooth hemispherical head that fits into cuplike socket Condylar: oval convex surface (in one bone) that fits into a complementary-shaped depression (another bone). |
| What is osteoarthritis? | most common from of arthritis called "wear-and-tear arthritis". Occurs over time as joints age, articular cartilage softens and degenerated becoming rough and sounds like crunching and crackling (crepitus). |
| What is Rheumatoid arthritis? | Results form autoimmune attack against joint tissue. Begins when body produces antibodies to fight infection and fails to recognize body tissue and attacks. Inflammatory cells accumulate and produce enzymes that degrade cartilage and ends up ossifying. |
| What is Gouty arthritis? | Common and complex form of arthritis caused by too much uric acid that crystallizes and is deposited in joints. It causes severe pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in joints. |
| What are the 3 other types of synovial joints that make angular movement possible? | Saddle: both bones have saddle-shaped surface (concave in one and convex in another) Hinge: nonaxial joints move freely in one plane with little movement in another (like a door hinge) Pivot: nonaxial joint in which bone spins on it longitudinal axis l |
| What are the functions of the skeletal muscle? | Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings and passages, heat production and glycemic control. |
| Define muscle. | a body tissue consisting of long cells that contract when stimulated and produce motion |
| Define fascicle. | a bundle of muscle or nerve fibers ensheathed in connective tissue. |
| Define muscle fiber. | a skeletal muscle cell |
| Define myofibril. | basic rod-like organelle that produces muscle contraction and relaxation |
| Define sarcomere. | the portion of a myofibril from one Z disc to the next, found in both skeletal and cardiac muscle |
| Define myofilament. | a protein microfilament responsible for the contraction of a muscle cell, composed mainly of myosin and actin. |
| Define endomysium. | delicate network of connective tissue, which surrounds individual muscle fibers and contains the vessels and nerves that supply the muscle fibers as well as the proteoglycan matrix for ion flux and metabolic exchange |
| Define perimysium. | the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers |
| Define epimysium. | a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle |
| What are the universal characteristics of muscles? | Excitability (responsiveness), conductivity, contractility, extensibility and elasticity. |
| What is skeletal muscle contraction? | step in which muscle fibers develop tension and may shorten. The mechanism is called sliding filament theory. |
| Which ions are involved in generating action potential? How do they act? | The concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions encode and transmit information by creating a transient change in membrane voltage. This process partially dissipates the ionic gradients, which is restored by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump, requiring meta |
| What are twitch contractions? | a single stimulus at threshold or higher causes a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation. |
| What are isometric contractions? | contraction without change in length, important in maintain joint stability and what keeps us from sinking in a heap on to the floor. |
| What are isotonic contractions? | contraction with a change in length but no change in tension- begins when internal tension builds to the point that it overcomes the resistance. |
| What are cocentric contractions? | A form of isotonic contraction where muscle shortens as it maintains tension i.e the biceps contracts and flexes the elbow. |
| What are eccentric contractions? | a form of isotonic contraction where muscle lengthens as it maintains tension i.e lowering a dumbbell. |
| How do skeletal muscle get its energy? | ATP is the only source of energy, ATP is acquired via anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration and glycolysis. |
| What is is anaerobic fermentation? | a metabolic process done(in a closed vessel with an air lock) by bacteria and eukaryotes in the absence of air to convert carbohydrates into the products like gases, alcohol, and acids . ATP yield is low and generates a toxic by-product (lactate). |
| What is is aerobic respiration? | metabolic process that requires continual supply of oxygen that produces a lot of ATP and no lactate. Best known passage for glucose oxidation and to extract energy from other organic compounds (fatty acids). |
| What is is glycolysis? | the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen. It occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms. |
| What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers? | slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative (FO) and fast glycolytic (FG) |
| List the characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibers? | -contract slowly and for long periods -use aerobic respiration to produce ATP, generate low-power contractions over extended periods of time and are slower to fatigue -large # of mitochondria -high concentration of myoglobin, rich capillary supply, red |
| List the characteristics of fast oxidative muscle fibers? | -contract quickly -use aerobic respiration to produce ATP -high tension -high amounts of mitochondria -lacks myoglobin, making them lighter in color |
| List the characteristics of fast glycolytic muscle fibers? | -large in diameter (50-100um) -high glycogen content as it used glycolysis to produce ATP -high levels of tension -Fast-twitching -low mitochondria and myoglobin count -high rate of lactate production -highly fatigable |
| What are the different muscle tissue types? | cardiac, smooth, and skeletal |
| Define skeletal muscle. | voluntary striated muscle that is usually attached to one or more bones. Exhibits alternation light and dark striations that reflect an overlapping arrangement of their internal contractile proteins. |
| Define Smooth muscle. | no striations, myocytes are relatively small allowing for fine control of tissue and organs |
| Define cardiac muscle. | limited to the heart, where its function is the pump blood. -must contract with a regular rhythm -must function in sleep, wakefulness, without fail/ need of conscious attention -must be highly resistant to fatigue -contract in union to expel blood |
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Jen2pen
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