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Thorax II Lec 1
MEDIASTINUM, PLEURAE, LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mediastinum | median partition of thoracic cavity |
| pleural membrane | thin, serous covering that encompasses each lung |
| root of lung | where the main air passages and blood vessels enter |
| pleural membrane | passes from each lung at its root and continues onto the inner surface of the thoracic wall |
| pleural cavities | two independent membranous sacs one on each side of the thorax, between the lungs and the thoracic walls |
| mediastinum | area between the sternum, the two pleural cavities |
| Though thick, it is a movable partition that extends superiorly to the thoracic outlet and the root of the neck and inferiorly to the diaphragm | mediastinum |
| It extends anteriorly to the sternum and posteriorly to the vertebral column | mediastinum |
| contains the remains of the thymus, the heart and large blood vessels, the trachea and esophagus, the thoracic duct and lymph nodes, the vagus and phrenic nerves, and the sympathetic trunks | mediastinum |
| an imaginary plane passing from the sternal angle anteriorly to the lower border of the body | fourth thoracic vertebra posteriorly |
| division of mediastinum | superior and Inferior mediastina |
| 1st landmark of fourth thoracic vertebra | Joint between the manubrium and body of the sternum |
| 2nd landmark of fourth thoracic vertebra | Second costosternal joint |
| 3rd landmark of fourth thoracic vertebra | Demarcation between the ascending aorta and the arch of the aorta |
| 4th landmark of fourth thoracic vertebra | Demarcation between the arch of the aorta and the descending thoracic aorta |
| 5th landmark of fourth thoracic vertebra | Bifurcation of the trachea |
| 6th landmark of fourth thoracic vertebra | Level of the left primary bronchus |
| 7th landmark of fourth thoracic vertebra | T4 intervertebral disc |
| consists of the pericardium and heart | middle mediastinum |
| a space between the pericardium and the sternum | anterior mediastinum |
| lies between the pericardium and the vertebral column. | posterior mediastinum |
| (1) Thymus (2) large veins, (3) large arteries, (4) trachea, (5) esophagus and thoracic duct, and (6) sympathetic trunks | Superior Mediastinum |
| bounded in front by the manubrium sterni and behind by the first four thoracic vertebrae | Superior Mediastinum |
| (1) Thymus, (2) heart within the pericardium with the phrenic nerves on each side, (3) esophagus and thoracic duct, (4) descending aorta, and (5) sympathetic trunks | Inferior Mediastinum |
| bounded in front by the body of the sternum and behind by the lower eight thoracic vertebra | inferior mediastinum |
| > lines the thoracic wall; > covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm and the lateral aspect of the mediastinum; > and extends into the root of the neck to line the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane at the thoracic outlet | parietal layer |
| > completely covers the outer surface of the lung > extends into the depths of the interlobar fissures | visceral layer |
| It Is thinner than the parietal layer. | visceral layer |
| The two layers are continuous with one another via a cuff of pleura that surrounds the structures entering and leaving the hilum at the hilum of each lung | TRUE |
| the cuff of pleura hangs down as a loose fold called | pulmonary ligament |
| allows for movement of the pulmonary vessels and large bronchi during respiration | cuff of pleura |
| usage of clinical terms to avoid the confusion between the pleural cavity [ slit-like] space and the larger thoracic cavity | pleural space instead of the anatomic term pleural cavity |
| separates from the parietal and visceral layers one another by a slitlike space called | pleural cavity |
| usage of clinical terms to avoid the confusion between the pleural cavity [ slit-like] space and the larger thoracic cavity | pleural space instead of the anatomic term pleural cavity |
| The pleural cavity normally contains only a small amount of tissue fluid called the ___________ | pleural fluid. |
| covers the surfaces of the pleura as a thin film | Pleural fluid |
| (1) causes surface tenision adhesion of the pleural layers (2) permits them to move on each other with minimal friction | Pleural fluid |
| True or False: the pleural cavity is a potential space undernormal conditions and is discernible only under abnormal conditions (e.g., when the lung is displaced by air or excess fluid) | TRUE |
| T or F: the parietal pleura is divided according to the region in which it lies or the surface that it covers | TRUE |
| extends up into the neck, lining the undersurface of the suprapleural membrane | cervical pleura (cupula) |
| The cervical pleura (cupula) reaches a level of __________, above the ______________ | 1 to 1.5 ln, medial third of the clavicle |
| lines the Inner surfaces of the ribs, the costal cartilages, the intercostal spaces, the sides of the vertebral bodies, and the back of the sternum. | costal pleura |
| covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm | diaphragmatic pleura |
| In quiet respiration, the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae are in ________________ to each other below the lower border of the lung | apposition |
| In deep inspiration, the margins of the base of the lung_______, and the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae ______________- | descends, separate |
| The area of the pleural cavity into which the lung expands on inspiration ts referred to as | costodiaphragmagtic recess |
| covers and forms the lateral boundary of the mediastinum | mediastinal pleura |
| T or F: It reflects as a cuff around the vessels and bronchi at the hilum of the lung and here becomes continuous with the visceral pleura. | TRUE |
| each lung lies free except at its hilum, where it is attached to the blood vessels and bronchi that constitute the | lung root |
| __________________, The lungs expand and fill the pleural cavities | During full inspiration, |
| _________________, the lungs do not fully occupy the pleural cavities at four sites | During quiet inspiration |
| (1) the right and left costodiaphragmatic recesses and (2) the right and left costomediastinal recesses. | Four sites |
| are slitlike spaces between the costal and diaphragmatic parietal pleurae that are separated only by a capillary layer of pleural fluid | costodiaphragmatic recesses |
| What occurs during inspiration during costodiaphragmatic recesses: | During inspiration, the lower margins of the lungs descend into the recesses. During expiration, the lower margins of the lungs ascend so that the costal and diaphragmatic pleurae come together again. |
| are situated along the anterior margins of the pleura | costomediastinal recesses |
| are slt-like spaces between the costal and mediastinal parietal pleurae, which are separated by a capillary layer of pleural fluid | costomediastinal recesses |
| What occurs during inspiration and expiration during costomediastinal recesses: | the anterior borders of the lungs slide in and out of the recesses |
| sensitive to pain, temperature, touch, and pressure | Somatic afferent nerves ( supply the parietal pleura ) |
| segmentally supply the costal pleura | intercostal nerves |
| supplies the mediastinal pleura | phrenic nerve |
| supplies the diaphragmatic pleura over the dome | phrenic nerve |
| supplies the periphery of the diaphragmatic pleura | the lower intercostal nerves |
| supply the visceral pleura | Visceral afferent nerves |
| is insensitive to common sensations such as pain and touch | visceral afferent nerves |
| these nerves run in company with autonomic nerves from the pulmonary plexus | visceral afferent nerves |
| forms an osseocartilaginous, cagelike unit that encloses the thoracic cavity and surrounds and protects the contained heart, lungs, and adnexa | thoracic skeleton |
| also covers all or parts of the upper abdominal organs (e.g., liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys) | thoracic skeleton |
| is a component of the axial skeleton and is formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae | thoracic cage |
Created by:
abigael1deduro
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