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Anatomy 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the characteristics of life? | cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness or irritability, movement, reproduction |
| the smallest unit that can carry out functions of life | cells |
| define chemicals. | substances with unique molecular composition; used in or produced by chemical reactions. |
| define metabolism. | when living organisms carry out chemical reactions |
| define anabolism. | to build up |
| define catabolism. | to break down |
| define growth. | building outweighs breaking down processes |
| what are the 2 forms of growth? | 1. increase in size of individual cells 2. increase in number of cells |
| define excretion. | elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes |
| define responsiveness or irritability. | sensing and reacting to changed or stimuli in the environment |
| what are some examples of movement? | 1. movement of the entire organism 2. movement of individual cells within organisms 3. movement of materials within or between cells of organisms |
| where do the two forms of reproduction take place? | in multicellular organisms |
| what are the two forms of reproduction? | 1. individual cells reproduce during growth and to replace damaged or old cells 2. organism itself reproduces: yields similar offspring |
| describe the structural organization of the body. | chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level |
| define the chemical level of the body. | it is the smallest level, it is the foundation for each successive level |
| what does the chemical level range from? | from tiny atoms to complex chemical structures (molecules) composed of thousands of atoms |
| define the cellular level of the body. | groups of many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structures. |
| define the tissue level of the body. | two or more cell types cooperate to perform common functions |
| what are the two components of the tissue level? | cells and surrounding extracellular matrix |
| define the organ level of the body. | two or more tissue types combined to form organs |
| define the organ system level of the body. | organs grouped into organ systems |
| define the organism level of the body. | organ systems function together to make up a working human body, an organism |
| how many organ systems does the body have? | 11 |
| what is the difference between anatomy and physiology? | anatomy is the structure of the body while physiology is how those structures work |
| define gross anatomy. | examines structures that can be seen with unaided eye |
| define microscopic anatomy. | studies of structures that can only be seen with the aid of microscope |
| define histology. | the study of tissues |
| define cytology | the study of cells |
| why do health care professionals use the anatomic position? | because it is a reference point |
| what is the anatomic position? | body standing upright, feet are shoulder width apart, with upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forwards |
| Anterior (ventral) | front |
| posterior (dorsal) | back |
| superior (cranial) | toward head |
| inferior (caudal) | toward tail |
| proximal | closer to point of origin |
| distal | more distant from point of origin |
| medial | closer to midline |
| lateral | further away from the midline |
| superficial | structures closer to surface of the body |
| deep | further away from the surface |
| the esophagus is ____ to the spinal cord | anterior |
| the spinal cord is ___ to the esophagus | posterior |
| the nose is ____ to the mouth | superior |
| the nose is ____ to the forehead | inferior |
| the knee is ____ to the ankle | proximal |
| the wrist is ____ to the elbow | distal |
| the ear is ____ to the shoulder | medial |
| the shoulder is ___ to the chest | lateral |
| the skin is ___ to the muscle | superficial |
| the bone is ___ to the skin | deep |
| what are the planes of the body? | sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, front, transverse, oblique, |
| how does the sagittal plane split the body? | divides the body into right and left sections |
| how does the midsagittal plane split the body? | divides the body into equal left and right sections |
| how does the parasagittal plane split the body? | divides the body into unequal left and right sections |
| how does the frontal plane split the body? | divides the body into anterior and posterior sections |
| how does the transverse plane split the body? | divides the body into superior and inferior sections or proximal and distal sections |
| how does the oblique plane split the body? | divides the body at an angle |
| what body part is apart of the abdominal cavity? | most digestive organs |
| what body part is apart of the cranial cavity? | brain |
| what body part is apart of the pelvic cavity? | urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs |
| what body part is apart of the pericardial cavity? | Heart |
| what body part is apart of the pleural cavity? | lungs |
| what body part is apart of the vertebral cavity? | spinal cord |
| define the visceral layer | the layer that is in conact with underlying organs |
| define the parietal layer | outermost layer attached to surrounding structures |
| what does the pleural membrane consist of? | outer parietal pleura and inner visceral pleura |
| what does the pleural membrane do? | follows contours of thoracic wall and runs along the surface of the lungs |
| what does the pericardial membrane consist of? | outer parietal pericardium and inner visceral pericardium |
| what does the pericardial membrane do? | separates the heart from the mediastinum and lies directly on the heart muscle |
| what does the peritoneal membrane consist of? | outer parietal peritoneum and inner visceral peritoneum |
| what does the peritoneal membrane do? | surrounds some, but not all of the abdominal organs |
| what does the serous fluid do? | prevents friction from movement of organs |
| where is the serous fluid located? | within cavities, between to membrane layers |
| why is the cell the smallest unit in our body that we consider living? | it is the basic structural and functional unit of life. it helps form living organisms like humans |
| define homeostasis. | maintenance of internal environment; body is in balance |
| define negative feedback | constant and more common; response is in the opposite direction of the variable's movement |
| define positive feedback | if the variable moves ip, this feedback is used to help it continue to go up |
| define variable | process in your body that has a number value |
| define set point | number value where the body is in balance |
| define normal range | range of values around the set point |
| describe the principle of the complement of structure and function. | function is always based on structure, even down to the chemical level |
| define gradient | something that is present any time something exists (where two areas are connected |
| what direction do molecules move in a gradient? | from high to low |
| what two methods do cells use to communicate with each other? | chemical messengers or electrical signals |
| how does electrical signals work? | they are usually transmitted between neighboring cells |
| how does chemical messengers work? | they can affect neighboring cells or travel to distant cells to cause effect |
| explain the relationship between monomers and polymers. | monomers are small molecules that can be joined together to form a more complex molecule called a polymer. |
| what is the monomer for carbohydrate? | monosaccharides |
| what is the monomer for proteins? | amino acids |
| what is the monomer for nucleic acids? | nucleotides |
| what is the monomer for lipids? | fatty acids |
| define lipids. | nonpolar molecules, hydrophobic, and cannot form hydrogen bonds |
| define carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids | polar molecules, hydrophilic, and forms hydrogen bonds |
| what is the structure of glucose? | ring form |
| what is the function of glucose? | building block for larger molecules |
| what is the structure of sucrose? | 1 glucose and 1 fructose |
| which part of sucrose is stored as fat? | fructose |
| what is glycogen? | animal starch |
| where is glycogen stored? | in muscle and liver cells |
| what is the structure of a saturated fat? | solid at room temperature with no double bonds |
| what is the structure of an unsaturated fat? | liquid at room temperature and contain double bonds |
| what is the structure of a triglyceride? | 3 fatty acids |
| what is the structure of a phospholipid? | a polar head that is connected to a nonpolar tail by a covalent bond |
| where do you find steroids in a body? | they are found in a body's membrane |
| what are the four structural levels of a protein? | primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary |
| define the primary structure. | a chain of amino acids (can be polar or non-polar) |
| define the secondary structure. | one or more segments of primary structure folded in specific ways; held together by hydrogen bonds |
| how does the alpha helix and the beta sheet get their shapes? | alpha helix- coiled spring beta sheet- venetian blind |
| define the tertiary structure. | three dimensional shape of peptide chain |
| define the quaternary structure. | linking together more than one polypeptide chain in a specific arrangement; critical to function of protein |
| describe the changes that occur in the body that cause a protein to denature. | heat, pH change, or exposure to chemicals |
| what happens to the protein when it is denatured? | disrupts hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions that stabilize structure and function |
| what is the structure of a nucleotide? | nitrogenous base with hydrocarbon ring structure; five carbon pentose sugar; phosphate group |
| what are the 5 nitrogenous bases that are found in nucleic acids? | adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, and thymine |
| what is the structure of ATP? | adenine attached to ribose and three phosphate groups |
| what is the function of ATP? | main source of chemical energy in the body |
| what is the structure of DNA? | double helix |
| what is the function of DNA? | contains genes (recipe for protein synthesis) |
| what is the structure of RNA? | a single strand of nucleotides |
| what is the function of RNA? | critical to making proteins |
| what are the general functions of the cell? | cell metabolism, transport substances, communication, cell reproduction |
| what are the three main parts of the cell? | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
| what is the difference between ECF and ICF? | the ECF is extracellular fluid, which is outside and seperates while the ICF is intracellular fluid that is inside and defines. |
| what is cytosol? | water/ fluid in the cell |
| what is the structure of the plasma membrane? | surrounds each cell, isolating internal structures and processes from external environment |
| which part of the phospholipid if hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic? | the tails are hydrophobic while the heads are hydrophilic |
| what is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins? | the integral protein is found in the entire membrane, while the peripheral protein is found only on one side of the membrane |
| what is the function of the glycoproteins and the glycolipids | identify cell as part of the body |
| what is the function of the steroids inside of the membrane? | hold phospholipids together and one of the four components of the phospholipid bilayer |
| define simple diffusion. | mostly nonpolar solutes; pass through phospholipids biolayer without membrane protein |
| define carrier/channel facilitated diffusion. | charged or polar solutes; cross phospholipid bilayer with help of membrane protein |
| define active transport. | processes require energy (ATP) to proceed as solutes move against concentration gradients (low to high concentration) |
| define resting cell. | cell is at rest; more Na+ outside and less K+ inside; polarized |
| define working cell | Na+ and K+ dispersed inside and outside the hell; has to go bavj to rest after having to work |
| define the sodium/potassium ion pump | pumps 3Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ inside the cell; balances these chemicals |
| explain how the sodium/potassium pump restores a cell to rest after the cell has "worked" | it actively transports sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell, using ATP energy to maintain cells resting membrane |
| what is the structure of the vesicle? | small membrane bound sac and contains lipid bilayer |
| what is the function of the vesicle? | cell has to use ATP, moves large structures into or out of the cell and carries things in the cell |
| define endocytosis | large things go into the cell |
| define exocytosis | large things go out of the cell |
| what is the structure of the mitochondria? | 2 membranes |
| what is the function of the mitochondria? | site of ATP production, powerhouse of the cell |
| what is the structure/function of the peroxisome? | structure: little vesicle function: detox center and removes peroxide |
| what is the structure/function of the ribosome? | structure: 2 part structure function: makes proteins and reads RNA from DNA and genetically codes it |
| what is the structure/ function of the rough ER? | structure: surface studded with ribosomes function: produces proteins that are placed into a vesicle |
| what is the structure/function of the smooth ER? | structure: membrane without ribosomes function: site of lipid synthesis, stores calcium ions, and another detox center |
| what is the structure/function of the golgi apparatus? | structure: stacked membranes function: modifies and packages proteins made at the rough ER |
| what is the structure/function of the Lysosome? | structure: little vesicle and contains acids and digestive enzymes function: digests things and digests tissues and will remove tissues |
| what does the cytoskeleton do? | maintains the structure of the cell |
| what is the structure/function of the centrioles? | structure: set of microtubules function: aids in division of DNA and makes microtubules |
| what is the structure/function of the microvilli? | structure: finger-like structures on top of the cell function: increase surface area of cells to increase absorption |
| what is the structure/function of the cilia? | structure: hair life structure seen at the top of some cells function: moves mucus |
| define nucleus. | contains most of the DNA of the cell |
| define nucleolus/nucleoli. | makes ribosomes (site of ribosome assembly) |
Created by:
ehoelzeman
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