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Amazing Cell
Animal A&P Chp 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell | smallest subdivision of the plant/animal body that are capable of life |
| Prokaryotes | unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus or any membrane bound organelles |
| Eukaryotes | Cells with a true nucleus containing chromosomes and membrane bound organelles |
| Cell membrane | Composed of a phospholipid bilayer; acts as a boundary between extracellular and intracellular compartments; controls passage of substance in and out of cell; contains proteins that act as channels and receptors |
| Glycocalyx | The sugar coating that covers the surface of some cells; provides for cell to cell adhesion and acts as a biological marker for recognition between cells and antibodies and cells and viruses |
| Globular proteins | Cell membrane protein responsible for the membrane's special functions |
| Integral proteins | occur within the lipid bilayer; span entire width of the membrane; form selective passageways and non-selective pores |
| Peripheral proteins | Bound to inside or outside the cell membrane; act as enzymes- involved in shape change (contraction of muscle cells) |
| Flagella | found singly and are longer; responsible for motility of some cells |
| Cilia | occur in large numbers and are short; move synchronously and propel fluids across the cell surface |
| Cytoplasm | inner substance of the cell, not including the nucleus; composed of cytosol, cytoskeleton, and organelles |
| Cytosol | viscous liquid with dissolved electrolytes, amino acids, sugars, and proteins |
| Cytoskeleton | Flexible, fibrous structure; can change depending on the cell's activity; gives support and shape; allows movement; provides direction for metabolic activity; anchors organelles |
| Microtubles | long hollow tubes growing out from cell center; transport of organelles, secretory granules; structure of cilia and flagella |
| Intermediate fibers | Act as internal guy wires-resist pulling forces |
| Microfilaments | Near cell surface just inside membrane; arranged in bundle and meshworks; responsible for shape change, outpouching, and involution |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell; where respiration occurs; site of ATP production |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | Has ribosomes attached and modifies proteins produced by the ribosomes |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Functions in synthesis and storage of lipids |
| Ribosome | Most numerous organelle; manufactures proteins |
| Golgi apparatus | Modification, packaging, and distribution center for intracellular products and secreted products |
| Lysosome | specialized vesicle formed by Golgi apparatus; contains hydrolytic enzymes; digests various organelles and nuclear components of cells via autolysis; breakdown of nutrient molecules and intracellular debris |
| Autolysis | Process of self-digestion |
| Hydrolytic | digestive |
| Proteasome | Assists with breakdown and removal of misfolded and damaged unwanted proteins |
| Peroxisome | Common in liver and kidney cells- detoxification; contains peroxidases and catalases |
| Vaults | Transportation pods; can open and close for pick up and drop off around the cell |
| Centrioles | Hollow cylinders made of microtubules; found in pairs; help to organize the spindle fibers during mitosis; form base for cilia and flagella (basal bodies) |
| Inclusions | units of metabolic products that the cell has engulfed; vacuoles, vesicles, lipid droplets, pigment granules, glycogen granules |
| Vacuoles | Clear space in a cell surrounded by cell membrane |
| Vesicles | small sac containing fluid; membrane bound |
| Nucleus | Contains hereditary information; controls cell activities through protein synthesis; contains all instructions and info to make proteins |
| Nuclear membrane (envelope) | Composed of two lipid bilayers; outer layer continues with ER; consists of nuclear pores on surface; protein molecules can move into nucleus and RNA can move out |
| Nucleoplasm | gel-like substance the fills the nucleus |
| Chromatin | Composed of DNA wound around globular proteins called histones |
| Intracellular fluid | Fluid inside the cell |
| Extracellular fluid | fluid outside the cell |
| Extracellular fluid contains: | amino acids, electrolytes, hormones, fatty acids, vitamins, dissolved gases |
| Interstitial fluid | Fluid specifically found in tissues |
| Diffusion | moving down a concentration gradient; rate is determined by molecular size, lipid solubility, ions, and temperature |
| Facilitated diffusion | Requires a carrier protein- rate effected by this number; larger molecules and non lipid soluble molecules; Ex:// glucose |
| Osmosis | movement of water through a semipermeable membrane into a solution where the water concentration is lower |
| Osmotic pressure | the force of water moving from one side of the membrane to the other |
| Oncotic pressure | the difference between the osmotic pressure of blood and that of interstitial fluid |
| Isotonic | normal; ecf and icf have the same concentration of dissolved substances |
| Hypotonic extracellular fluid | cell will swell and eventually burst |
| Hypertonic extracellular fluid | Cell will shrink |
| Filtration | hydrostatic pressure (bp) pushes liquids through a membrane; based on pressure gradient rather than concentration gradient |
| Active transport | requires a carrier protein; usually against the concentration gradient |
| Na+/K+ antiport | K+ higher inside cell and Na+ higher outside cell; K+ diffuses out of cell and Na+ diffuses in; cell must actively pump K+ into cell and Na+ out of cell; 2 K+ ions are moved in and 3 Na+ ions out; maintains membrane potential |
| Endocytosis | Cell membrane involutes, engulfs a substance and closes the cell membrane around it, forming a vesicle |
| Phagocytosis | engulfs a solid substance |
| Pinocytosis | engulfs a liquid |
| Macrophage | a type of wbc that phagocytizes debris, dead cells, and invaders |
| Exocytosis | Substances packed in vesicles by the ER and golgi body move through the cytoplasm, fuse with the cell membrane, and release contains into the ECF |
| Membrane potential | defined as voltage or electrical potential caused by separation of oppositely charged particles |
| Resting membrane potential | Outside of cell is slightly more positive than inside of cell as a result of the Na+/K+ pump |
| Reproductive cells | Found in the ovaries and testicles; divide by meiosis to give eggs and sperm |
| Somatic cells | all the cells in the body except reproductive cells; divide by mitosis to produce an exact copy, or daughter cell |
| Replication | synthesis of an exact copy of a cell's DNA to be passed along to the daughter cell when the cell divides |
| Mitosis | A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, each with identical genetic material of the original cell and each with the potential to divide again and pass on an identical copy of its DNA |
| Four stages of mitosis | Prophase-->metaphase-->anaphase-->telophase |
| Prophase | Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; cytoskeleton is disassembled; centrioles begin migrating to the poles and the mitotic spindle is formed; nuclear membrane disintegrates |
| Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along the mitotic spindle; centromere of each chromosome is attached to a single spindle fiber |
| Anaphase | Centromeres split; each chromatid becomes its own chromosome and the twin chromosomes are pulled away from each other and toward the centrioles by the spindle fibers; errors here are devastating |
| Telophase | Chromosomes reach the poles and begin to return to their chromatin form; Nuclear membrane forms, nucleoli appears; Spindle microtubules disassemble; cytoplasm continues to constrict along the middle |
| Cytokinesis | The conclusion of mitosis in which the cytoplasm divides |
| Gene | a subunit of the DNA molecule that contains all the information needed to make one peptide chain |
| Genetic code | the sequence of nitrogenous base pairs that code for amino acids |
| Codon | the genetic code for a single amino acid expressed as three bases |
| Promotors | codons that signal "start here" |
| Terminators | codons that signal "stop here" |
| translation | the process of manufacturing a new protein using the information on the mRNA molecule |
| Causes of mutation | spontaneous, viruses, ionizing radiation, chemicals, fetal mutagens |
| Metabolism | a multi-enzymatic process; a product formed by one reaction becomes the substrate for the next; some metabolic pathways will use up to 20 enzyme driven steps |
| Activation energy | energy used to start the chemical reaction |
| cofactor | a non-protein inorganic substance that functions with an enzyme to complete a reaction |
| coenzyme | a non-protein organic substance that acts as a cofactor |
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tsimon_033
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