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Tissues
Animal A&P Chp 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tissue | cells of similar type and function that are clustered into layers, sheets, or groups; cells composing a tissue are differentiated and have lost the ability to survive independently |
| Epithelial tissue | Sheets of cells that cover and line other tissues; have an exposed surface that interfaces with the surrounding environment |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | protects, covers, and lines; filters; absorbs nutrients; provides sensory input; manufactures secretions and excretions |
| Where is epithelial tissue found? | Lining the: bladder, mouth, blood vessels, thorax, ducts, and all body cavities |
| Apical surface | faces the lumen |
| Basal surface | faces underlying connective tissue |
| Tight junctions | fusion of outer membranes of adjoining cells; substances have to pass through the cell to get through the epithelial layer; found in the urinary bladder and digestive tract |
| Desmosomes | A strong, welded plaque that connects plasma membranes of adjacent cells; filaments interlock with one another and also extend into the cytoplasm as anchors; found in skin, heart, and uterus |
| Gap junctions | connexons extend from the cytoplasm of one cell to cytoplasm of the other; allow the exchange and passage of nucleotides, AAs, sugar, ions, and other nutrients. Found in the intestinal epi cells, heart, and smooth muscle |
| Basement/plasma membrane | Composed of a nonliving fiber meshwork; cements the epi cell to the underlying connective tissue; acts as a partial barrier between the epi cell and underlying connective tissue |
| Cells are named according to the shape of the cell on the ______________ surface | luminal |
| Simple squamous epithelium | delicate and occurs only in protected areas; often involved in passage of gas or liquid; reduces friction |
| Locations of simple squamous epithelium | alveoli of lungs, lining in blood/lymph vessels, lining around heart and body cavities, glomeruli in kidney |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | single layer of cubical cells; involved in secretion and absorption; found on the surface of ovaries, in the thyroid gland, lining ducts of the liver, kidney, and pancreas, and in the salivary gland |
| Simple columnar epithelium | elongated and closely packed together; thicker and more protective layer; associated with adsorption and secretion; can be ciliated |
| Locations of simple columnar epithelium | lines entire gi tract, uterine tubes/uterus, and parts of lungs |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | multiple layers of flattened cells; able to withstand mechanical and chemical stresses and is a protective layer; outer layers continually worn away and replaced |
| Locations of stratified squamous epithelium | lining of mouth and esophagus, vagina, skin |
| Basal cell tumors | Originate from basal epithelium of the skin; common in cats and dogs; usually benign; hairless raised mass in the skin, often pigmented, sometimes ulcerate; cocker spaniels, poodles and Siamese cats |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | two layers of cuboidal cells; role in protection, secretion, and absorption |
| Locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium | mammary glands, salivary glands, and sweat glands |
| Stratified columnar epithelium | Multiple layers; basal cells are cuboidal and the superficial layers are columnar; rare |
| locations of stratified columnar epithelium | large ducts of mammary gland, part of male urethra, and vas deferens |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | actually a single layer; goblet cells; mucus layer traps particles and cilia remove debris from the lungs |
| Locations of pseudostratified columnar epithelium | respiratory tract |
| Transitional epithelium | multilayered; can stretch and expand; leakproof |
| Locations of transitional epithelium | bladder lining, ureters, urethra |
| Gland | a cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion; usually derived from epithelium |
| Endocrine glands | do not have ducts or tubules and the secretions are distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream or lymphatic system; Examples: pituitary gland, adrenal gland |
| Exocrine glands | secretions are released by ducts directly into local areas where they act |
| Examples of exocrine glands | liver- glands secrete bile pancreas- glands secrete digestive enzymes and produce hormones sweat and salivary glands goblet cells; are ductless but still exocrine |
| Unicellular glands | Goblet cell is the only example; found in respiratory tract and conjunctiva of eye; secretes mucus |
| Functions of mucus | protects epithelial layer and entraps microorganisms and foreign debris |
| Multicellular glands | Two parts: secretory unit and duct; rate of secretion produced is controlled by hormones and the nervous system |
| Simple secreting ducts | main duct is unbranched |
| Compound secreting ducts | main duct is branched |
| Tubular secreting ducts | secretory unit forms long channel of even width |
| Acinar (alveolar) secreting ducts | secretory units that form a rounded sac |
| Tubuloacinar (tubolalveolar) secreting ducts | secretory units possess both tubular and alveolar qualities |
| Serous secretion | watery, contain enzymes |
| Mucoid secretion | thick, viscous; composed of glycoproteins |
| Mixed exocrine glands | contain both mucous and serous components |
| Merocrine glands | secretions are packed into granular units and released via exocytosis; secretory cells remain completely intact; pancreas, sweat glands, and salivary glands |
| Apocrine glands | Packaged granules are stored until the apex of the cell becomes full, then the cell pinches in two and the apex is released; cell will repair the damage and repeat the process later; mammary tissue |
| Holocrine glands | granules are stored and then the entire cell is destroyed as the product is released; sebaceous glands in skin |
| Connective tissue | found everywhere in the body; composed primarily of nonliving extracellular matrix; vascularized; cells are farther apart than epithelial cells; elastic, flexible, semisolid, or liqu |
| Functions of connective tissue | protective sheath around organs; insulation; energy reserve; frame to support body; provide medium that transports substances throughout the body; healing process; control of invaders |
| What substances compose connective tissue? | ground substance, extracellular fibers, and cells |
| Extracellular matrix | ground substance + extraceullar fibers |
| Ground substance | amorphous, homogenous material; liquid, gel, or calcified solid, composed of GAGs, mostly hyaluronic acid; medium for nutrient and waste exchange absorbs shock and protects cells; viscosity acts as an obstacle for microorganisms |
| Collagenous fibers | most common fiber in body; strong and thick; composed of collagen; density and arrangement vary; found in tendons and ligaments; appear as white fibers when packed closely together |
| Reticular fibers | composed of collagen; thin, delicate, and branched into networks; forms supportive nets around endocrine glands, LN's, spleen, liver, bone, marrow; surround blood vessels, nerves, and muscle fibers |
| Elastic fibers | composed of elastin protein; branched and form complex networks; coiled and stretchy; found in vocal cords, lungs, skin, walls of blood vessels |
| Fixed cells (connective tissue) | remain in the connective tissue and are usually involved in the production and maintenance of the matrix |
| Transient (wandering) cells (connective tissue) | move in and out of connective tissues as needed and are usually involved in repair and protection |
| fibroblasts | fixed cells; manufactures and secrete the fibers and ground substance for that particular type of tissue; chondroblast--> chondrocyte; osteoblast-->osteocyte |
| adipocytes | fixed cells; found throughout the connective tissues; group of adipocytes become adipose tissue |
| reticular cells | fixed cells; flat, start shaped cells with long projections that touch other cells and form netlike connections; involved in immune response; involved in manufacture of reticular fibers; function not clear |
| Leukocytes (wbcs) | transient cells; move into tissues during times of infection; 5 different kinds; function by phagocytizing or producing antibodies |
| Mast cells | transient cells; have dark staining granules; granules contain histamine and heparin; granules are released when stimulated by invading microbes and this leads to an allergic/inflammatory response |
| Macrophages | very large and irregularly shaped; phagocytize microbes, dead cells, and debris; either fixed or transient; name differs based on location: kuppfer cells (liver), microglial cells (brain), histiocytes (loose connective tissue) |
| Connective tissue proper | loose connective and dense connective |
| Loose connective tissue | areolar, adipose, reticular |
| Dense connective tissue | dense regular, dense irregular, elastic |
| Specialized connective tissue | cartilage, bone, blood |
| Cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| Areolar tissue | Loose connective; most common type; surrounds all organs and connects skin to muscle; all three fiber types and a thick ground substance with fibroblasts as main cell type; edema results when areolar space fills with fluid |
| Adipose tissue | loose connective; areolar tissue with predominantly adipocytes; highly vascularized; stores energy; functions in insulation and absorbs shock; found under skin, behind eyes, in the bone marrow, and on the surface of the heart |
| White adipose vs brown adipose | Brown adipose has more energy storage and is better for insulation |
| Reticular tissue | loose connective; similar to areolar but only reticular fibers; provides internal skeleton for spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow |
| Dense regular tissue | Dense connective; composed of tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers; strong but only in one directions; tendons and ligaments are dense regular connective tissue; fascial sheets that cover muscles; relatively avascular |
| Dense irregular tissue | dense connective; thicker bundles of collagen fibers that are interwoven randomly to form a single sheet; can withstand forces from many directions; found in dermis of the skin and in joint capsules |
| Elastic dense connective tissue | dense connective; composed primarily of elastic fibers arranged in parallel or interwoven pattern; nuchal ligament, spaces between vertebrae, walls of arteries, and bladder |
| Cartilage | specialized connective; chondrocytes live in pockets in matrix called lacunae; grounds substance is a firm gel that contains: chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid; avascular and heals poorly; thickness limited due to method of nourishment |
| Elastic cartilage | Contains more elastic and collagen fibers than hyaline; found in epiglottis and pinnae of ears |
| Fibrocartilage | usually associated with hyaline cartilage and no perichondrium; found between vertebrae and in knee joint |
| Hyaline cartilage | most common cartilage in body; pale blue white; found on articular surfaces, in the trachea, connects the ribs to the sternum |
| Bone | specialized matrix composed of collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts; great strength with some flexibility; vascular and nerve supply; can be remodeled as needed; osteocytes live in lacunae |
| Bone functions | skeletal frame, protects vital organs, calcium reserve, blood cell production, fat storage |
| Blood | matrix is the liquid part (plasma); fibrous components is composed of many protein molecules that can only be seen when blood clots; erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes |
| Erythrocytes | red blood cells |
| Leukocytes | white blood cells |
| Thrombocytes | platelets |
| Membranes | thin protective layers that line body cavities, separate organs, and cover surfaces |
| Types of epithelial membranes | mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial |
| Mucous membranes (mucosae) | always found lining organs with connections to the outside environment; composed of stratified squamous or simple columnar; may contain goblet cells or multicellular glands that produce protective mucus; absorption or secretion; act as a barrier |
| Parts of mucous membranes (mucosae) | lamina propria- loose connective tissue submucosa- connects mucosa to underlying structures |
| Serous membranes (serosae) | Line walls and cover organs in closed body cavities; parietal and visceral; secrete a thin, watery transudate to reduce friction |
| parietal vs visceral (serosae) | parietal- lines the cavity wall visceral- lines the outer surface of the organs |
| effusion | abnormal accumulation of serosal fluid |
| ascites | fluid accumulation in the abdomen |
| What can happen if there is decreased serosal fluid? | adhesions |
| Cutaneous membranes (integument) | composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (known as the epidermis); epidermis attached to layer of dense irregular connective called the dermis |
| keratin | a waxy substance that fills cells and makes the skin waterproof and keeps it from drying out |
| Synovial membranes | composed of connective tissue with no epithelium; smooth, shiny, and white; line joint cavities; manufacture synovial fluid |
| Three types of muscle tissue | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| What proteins compose muscle cells? | Actin and myosin |
| Skeletal muscle | Large cells; multinucleated; striated in appearance; voluntary; attached to bone and under nervous control |
| Smooth muscle | small, spindle shaped cells; single nucleus; non-striated in appearance; involuntary; walls of intestine, blood vessels, bladder, uterus, stomach, etc; |
| Cardiac muscle | small cells; single nucleus; striated; cells branch to form a network; cells connected via intercalated discs; involuntary |
| Nervous tissue | specially designed to receive and transmit signals throughout the body; two cell types (neurons and neuroglial cells) |
| Neuron parts | perikaryon (cell body), axon (conducts impulses away from body), dendrite (receives impulses from other cells) |
| Neuroglial cells | more numerous in nervous tissue than neurons; act as supportive cells: phagocytosis, help supply nutrients, supportive framework, isolation of conductive membranes |
| Three stages of tissue healing and repair | Inflammation, organization, and regeneration |
| Inflammation (tissue healing and repair) | Occurs quickly, limits further damage, and eliminates harmful agents; vasoconstriction followed by sustained period of vasodilation; histamine and heparin released; fluid flows into area and swelling and pain develop; clot formation begins; wbcs move in |
| Organization (tissue healing and repair) | granulation tissue forms beneath the blood clot; pink in appearance; composed of bed of collagen fibers with new capillaries pushing through; |
| Regeneration (fibrosis) (tissue healing and repair) | new layer of epi tissue is laid down over granulation tissue; fibroblasts in granulation tissue make collagen fibers and ground substance; granulation tissue replaced by fibrous scar tissue which contracts and helps close wound |
| First intention healing | sutured wounds; no formation of granulation tissue |
| Second intention healing | granulation tissue forms to close the gap |
| Third intention healing | larger wounds; healing occurs more slowly |
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tsimon_033
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