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Human Anatomy 2.3
Brain and cranial nerves
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Brain is protected by: | Cranial bones, cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. |
| How does blood flow to the brain? | Through the vertebral and carotid arteries. Then back to the heart through the jugular veins. |
| Blood-Brain barrier (BBB) funtion | Protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens. Prevent passage of substances from blood into the brain. |
| Blood-Brain barrier (BBB) is formed by: | Tight junctions that seal together endothelial cells, basement membrane that surround, astrocytes that press up against. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Protects brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries. Carries oxygen, glucose, and others from blood to nervous tissue cells. |
| CSF functions | Mechanical protection, shock absorbing liquid. Chemical protection, optimal chemical environment. Circulation, exchanging nutrients and waste between blood and nervous tissue. |
| What is located in the two cerebral hemispheres? | Left and right lateral ventricles. |
| What is located between right and left halves of the thalamus? | Third ventricle |
| What is located between the brain stem and cerebellum? | Fourth ventricle |
| How is CSF formed and how does it flow? | Blood flows through choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle where more CSF is added. Flows to fourth ventricle where more CSF added. Flows into subarachnoid space and central canal, CSF is reabsorbed into blood. |
| 3 things the brainstem is made up of: | Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. |
| Medulla oblongata | Contains all ascending and descending tracts that connect to spinal cord and brain. |
| Pyramids | Caudal part of the medulla oblongata. |
| Decussation of pyramids | Motor fibers originating in left cerebral cortex activating muscles on the right side of the body. Right motors controlling left muscles. |
| Pons | Relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal muscle movement. |
| Midbrain | Located superior to the medulla oblongata and extends from pons to diencephalon. |
| Midbrain funtions | Conveys motor impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum and spinal cord. Sends sensory impulses from spinal cord to thalamus. Regulates auditory and visual reflexes. |
| Medulla oblongata functions | Regulates body functions. Vomiting, coughing, sneezing. |
| Pons functions | Control of respiration. pneumotaxic and apneustic areas |
| Midbrain structural regions: | Cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina, substantia nigra, red nuclei, and medial lemniscus. |
| Substantia nigra | Plays a role in brain function, eye movements, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addiction. |
| Reticular formation | Responsible for maintaining consciousness when awake and sleeping. A part of brain stem, has motor and sensory functions. Motor to help regulate muscle tone. Sensory to alert incoming sensory signals. |
| Cerebellum | To smooth and coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contractions required for skilled movements like balance and posture. Inferior and posterior, two hemispheres and a central vermis. |
| Cerebellum is made up of: | Gray matter, parallel ridges called folia, and arbor vitae that is beneath gray matter resembles a tree. |
| Diencephalon | Has the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
| Thalamus | Relays sensory information other than smell. Visually inputs from retina, sent to thalamus, projects in visual cortex in occipital lobe. |
| Hypothalamus | Controls body activates and regulates homeostasis. |
| Hypothalamus functions | Control of the autonomic nervous system, production of hormones that regulate and store secretion of pituitary glands, regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns, eating, drinking, body temp, consciousness. |
| Cerebrum | Cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter and billions of neurons, gyri, fissures, and sulci. Deep to cortex is white matter tracts that connects to brain and spinal cord. |
| Corpus callosum | White matter tracts that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum. |
| Lobes of cerebrum: | Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula. |
| Central sulcus | Separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe. |
| Precentral gyrus | Contains primary motor area, anterior to central sulcus. |
| Postcentral gyrus | Contains primary somatosensory area, posterior to central sulcus. |
| Lateral cerebral fissure | Separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe. |
| Parieto-occipital sulcus | Separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe. |
| Transverse fissure | Separates cerebrum from cerebellum. |
| Basal ganglia | Regulate the initiation and termination of movements. Subconscious movements. Emotional behaviors. |
| Cerebral cortex functions | Sensory, motor, association. |
| 6 important areas of the cerebrum: | Somatosensory area, motor area, visual area, auditory area, broca, wernicke. |
| Wernicke's area if damaged: | Cant comprehend speech but can speak. |
| Broca's speech area if damaged: | Cant speak but can comprehend speech. |
| Right hemisphere of the brain functions: | Musical, artistic, space and patters, recognition of emotions through facial expressions and language, metal imaging, spatial relationships, discriminate among odors. |
| Damage to right hemisphere of brain: | Corresponds to brocas and wernickes. Monotonous voice, cant inflict emotion into what's said. |
| Left hemisphere of the brain functions: | Reasoning, numerical, scientifical, understand sign language, spoken and written language. |
| Damage to left hemisphere of the brain: | Aphasia. |
| Cranial nerves are designated by: | Roman numerals that indicate the order from brain, from anterior to posterior. |
| Olfactory (I) cranial nerve | Smell. Sensory. |
| Optic (II) cranial nerve | Sight. Sensory. |
| Oculomotor (III) cranial nerve | Movement of eyeball and upper eyelid. Motor. |
| Trochlear (IV) cranial nerve | Movement of eyeballs. Motor. |
| Trigeminal (V) cranial nerve Sensory | Touch, pain, thermal sensations. Sensory. |
| Abducens (VI) cranial nerve | Movement of eyeballs laterally. Motor. |
| Facial (VII) cranial nerve Sensory | Taste from back 2/3 of tongue. Sensory. |
| Vestibulocochlear (VIII) cranial nerve | Hearing and equilibrium. Sensory. |
| Glossopharyngeal (IX) cranial nerve Sensory | Taste from back 1/3 of tongue. Monitors blood pressure, oxygen, carbon dioxide levels in blood. Touch, pain, thermal sensations from skin. Sensory.. |
| Vagus (X) cranial nerve Sensory | Taste from epiglottis. Monitors blood pressure, oxygen, carbon dioxide levels in blood. Touch, pain, thermal sensations from skin. Sensations from thoracic and abdominal. Sensory. |
| Trigeminal (V) cranial nerve Motor | Chewing, control of middle ear muscle. Motor. |
| Facial (VII) cranial nerve Motor | Control of muscles in facial expressions and middle ear muscle, secretion of tears and saliva. Motor. |
| Glossopharyngeal (IX) cranial nerve Motor | Swallowing, secretion of saliva. Motor |
| Vagus (X) cranial nerve Motor | Swallowing, vocalization. coughing, secretions of GI organs, constrictions of respiratory passageways, decreases heart rate. Motor. |
| Accessory (XI) cranial nerve | Movement of head. Motor. |
| Hypoglossal (XII) cranial nerve | Speech, manipulation of food, swallowing. Motor. |
| Cranial nerve names mnemonic: | Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet AH |
| Cranial nerve components mnemonic: | Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marry Money. |
Created by:
LaurenNeer
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