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A & P Chapter 11
The Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What causes oxytocin to be released into the bloodstream? | The stimulation of teat by nursing or milking |
| What are some of the functions of prostaglandins? | Influence blood pressure, blood clotting, inflammation, functions of the GI tract, Kidneys, and reproductive system |
| What are prostaglandins? | Tissue hormones produced in a variety of body tissues such as skin, intestine, brain, kidney, lungs, reproductive organs, and eyes |
| What effects does melatonin have on the body? | The body’s biological clock, affects moods and wake-sleep cycles; may also play a role in seasonal estrus cycles |
| What does the pineal body produce? | Melatonin |
| What is the function of the thymus in young animals? | Immune system development; development of T-lymphocytes or T-cells tat fight off foriegn invaders |
| What organ is only present in young animals? | Thymus |
| Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream | Hormones |
| Cell that has receptors for a particular hormone is a ___ for that hormone. | Target |
| Hormones only produce effects when _____. | They bind to their specific receptors in or on cells |
| What hormones are secreted by the hypothalamus? | Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) and oxytocin |
| Part of the dienceephalon of the brain that controls activity of the pituitary gland | Hypothalamus |
| What is positive feedback as a response to the level of hormones in the body? | Activity increased by falling levels of hormones |
| What is negative feedback as a response to the level of hormones in the body? | Activity decreased by rising levels of hormones |
| Characteristics of peptide hormones | Hydrophilic chains of amino acids; receptors located on cell membranes of target cells |
| Characteristics of steroid hormones | Synthesized from cholesterol; hydrophobic so must attach to transport protein=bound hormone; receptors located within the cell |
| Characteristics of monoamine hormones | Derived from amino acids and retain an amino group; receptors for catecholamines located on cell membranes; receptors for thyroid hormones located in the nucleus |
| What are the animal hormone groups? | Peptide hormones, steroid hormones, and monoamine hormones |
| Hypothalamic hormones called _____ and ____ are each specific for a particular anterior pituitary hormone | Releasing factors and inhibiting factors |
| A ____ causes the anterior pituitary to produce and release a hormone | Releasing factor from the hypothalamus |
| An ____ causes the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production and release of a hormone | Inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus |
| What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin |
| What is another name for pituitary gland? | Hypophysis |
| The rostral portion of the pituitary also called adrenohypophysis that produces 7 different hormones when stimulated | Anterior pituitary |
| The master gland of the endocrine system | Pituitary gland |
| The caudal portion of the pituitary also called neurohypophysis that stores and releases two hormones | Posterior pituitary |
| What are the 7 hormones released by the anterior pituitary (adrenohypophysis) | Growth hormone (GH); prolactin; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH); and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| What is another name for growth hormone? | Somatotropin or somatotropic hormone |
| What hormone helps trigger and maintain lactation? | Prolactin |
| What hormone completes the process of follicle development in the ovary that was started by FSH? | Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| What hormone effects males by stimulating spermatogenesis (creation of sperm) | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| What hormones stimulates of oogenesis (egg production) and the production and secretion of estrogen | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| Stress causes and elevation of this hormone | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| What hormone causes release of lipids in storage and their catabolism? | Growth hormone (GH) |
| What hormone stimulates growth and development of the adrenal cortex and release of some of its hormones? | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| Which hormone is named for its effect in the female? | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| A deficiency in growth hormone causes | Dwarfism |
| An excess of growth hormone causes | Acromegaly (a syndrome of bony ad soft tissue growth and insulin resistance) |
| What hormone promotes body growth in young animals? | Growth hormone (GH) |
| What hormone encourages anabolism of proteins? | Growth hormone (GH) |
| What hormone stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland and causes it to produce its hormones | Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| What hormone discourages cells from using carbohydrates, especially glucose? | Growth hormone (GH) |
| What hormone is associated with control of color changes in pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians? | Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
| What effect does luteinizing hormone (LH) have on males? | Stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone |
| How is the homeostasis of the thyroid gland maintained? | Through the interaction amount the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid glands |
| What 2 hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? | Thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| Lobes of the thyroid gland may be connected by a tissue called | Isthmus |
| What causes oxytocin to be released into the bloodstream? | The simulation of teat by nursing or milking |
| What is the effect of oxytocin on active (milk-producing) mammary glands? | Causes milk let-down (movement of milk down to the lower parts of the gland) |
| What hormone induces uterine contractions at breeding and parturition? | Oxytocin |
| What hormone is released when the hypothalamus detects dehydration? | Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
| A deficiency in Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes _________. | Diabetes insipidus ( affected animals have polydipsia and polyuria) |
| What will occur without stimulation from prolactin? | Milk. Production stops and mammary glands shrink back to non-lactating size |
| What occurs when luteinizing hormone levels reach a peak? | Follicle is fully mature; ovulation occurs or rupture of the mature follicle; cells in the empty follicle multiple and develop into the corpus luteum |
| What are the 2 thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid? | T4 tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine ad T3 triiodothyronine |
| Which thyroid hormone is most biologically active? | T3 or triiodothyronine |
| Which thyroid hormone is a prohormone and functions as a circulating reservoir? | T4 tetraiodothyronine |
| What hormone allows animals to maintain constant internal body temperature? | Thyroid hormones |
| How do thyroid hormones affect the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids? | Anabolism of proteins; maintains homeostasis of blood glucose level; encourages catabolism of lipids |
| What is hypothyroidism? | Rare in cats; Always Dogs; the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone; symptoms are weight gain, lethargy, poor |
| What is hyperthyroidism? | Excess production of thyroid hormone; usually a feline disease |
| What is the function of calcitonin? | Prevents hypercalcemia by encouraging excess calcium to be deposited in bones; lowers blood calcium levels |
| What is another name for parathyroid hormone (PTH)? | Parathormone |
| How does the parathyroid hormone help maintain blood calcium homeostasis? | Causes kidneys to retain calcium; causes intestines to absorb calcium; withdraws calcium from bones |
| Where are adrenal glands located? | Cranial ends of kidneys |
| What are the 3 main groups of hormones produced the adrenal cortex? | Glucocorticoids; mineralocorticoids; sex hormones |
| What are the two glands of the adrenal glands? | Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
| What are the glucocorticoid hormones? | Cortisone; cortisol; corticosterone |
| How do glucocorticoid hormones effect the body? | Cause hyperglycemic effect; maintains blood pressure; helps body resist effects of stress |
| What is the principal mineralocorticoid hormone? | Aldosterone |
| How does aldosterone effect the body? | Regulates levels of electrolytes in blood |
| What are the sex hormones produced by the adrenal cortex? | Andergens (males) and. Estrogens (females) |
| What disease results from an excess of glucocorticoids? | Cushing’s disease |
| What disease results from a deficiency in glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids? | Addison’s disease |
| What are the 2 hormones produced by the adrenal medulla? | Epinephrine and norepineprine |
| What part of the autonomic nervous system controls the secreation of epinephrine and norepinephrine? | Sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) |
| What organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions? | Pancreas |
| What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? | Produces digestive enzymes |
| The pancreas is organized into thousands of tiny clumps of cells called ___ | Pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans |
| What hormones are produced by the pancreatic islets? | Glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin |
| What is the function of insulin? | Causes glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to be absorbed from the bloodstream into body cells for the use of energy |
| How does insulin affect blood glucose levels? | Lowers the level of glucose in the blood |
| How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels? | Raises the blood glucose level |
| How does glucagon raise the blood glucose level? | Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and stimulates gluconeogensis (break down of fat and protein into glucose) |
| What results from a deficiency in insulin? | Diabetes Mellitus (hyperglycemia) |
| What are the endocrine cells in the testes called? | Interstitial cells |
| Wha hormone is produced by interstitial cells of the testes? | Testosterone (androgen) |
| What are the 2 main hormone groups produced in the ovaries? | Estrogens and progestins |
| What hormone is produced by the ovary late in pregnancy? | Relaxin |
| What controls the ovarian cycles? | Two anterior pituitary hormones, FSH and LH |
| What cells produce ad release estrogens? | Follicle cells |
| What stimulates ovarian follicles to develop? | Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary |
| What occurs as the follicle grows? | Amount of estrogen production increases; anterior pituitary reduces FSH and increases LH production |
| When does ovulation occur? | When LH peaks and follicle is fully mature |
| What produces the group of hormones called progestins? | Corpus luteum |
| What is the principle progestin hormone? | Progesterone |
| What happens if a female is pregnant? | Corpus luteum produces progesterone, necessary for maintainence of pregnancy. |
| What happens if no pregnancy occurs? | Lack of hormone causes corpus luteum to shrink and disappear |
| What are the effects of the hormone relaxin? | Relaxation of ligaments surrounding the birth canal and mammary development |
| What hormone is produced by the kidneys? | Erythropoietin (EPO) |
| What stimulates the production of erythropoietin by the kidneys? | Hypoxia (low blood oxygen) |
| What effect does erythropoietin have on the body | To increase production of red blood cells |
| A deficiency of erythropoietin results in ________. | Anemia often accompanied by kidney disease or kidney failure |
| What hormone is produced by cells in the stomach wall? | Gastrin |
| What are the effects of the stomach hormone gastrin? | Causes gastric stomach glands to secrete hydrochloride acid and digestive enzymes; encourages muscular contractions of the stomach wall |
| What hormones are produced by cells in the small interesting lining? | Secretin and cholecystokinin |
| What are the effects of secretin and cholecystokinin in the small intestines? | Slows movement of chyme and stimulate gall bladder to send bile to the small intestine |
Created by:
ngriner
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