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Human Anatomy 2.4
Special Senses
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Olfactory receptor cells (smell) | Bipolar, Odors are detected by cilia. |
| Supporting cells (smell) | Columnar epithelial cells. Detoxifies chemicals. |
| Basal cells (smell) | Produce new olfactory receptor cells to replace the ones that die. |
| Olfactory pathway: | Olfactory receptor cells converge to form nerves. Nerve's extend to olfactory bulbs where nerve axons synapse with olfactory bulb neurons. Olfactory bulb neurons extend to form tracts that send nerve impulses to primary olfactory area, then to frontal lob |
| 5 primary tastes: | Sour, bitter, sweet, salt, umami or meaty. |
| Taste bud locations: | Tongue, soft palate, epiglottis, and pharynx. Papillae. |
| Supporting cells (taste) | Form capsule. |
| Gustatory receptor cells (taste) | Capsule encloses 50 gustatory receptor cells. Has hairlike microvillus that projects through taste bud called taste pore. |
| Basal stem cell (taste) | Produce supporting cells, develop into gustatory receptor cells. |
| Elevations on the tongue: | Papillae. |
| Vallate papillae | 12 that contain around 200-300 taste buds. |
| Fungiform papillae | scattered over tongue with 5 taste buds each. |
| Foliate papillae | On edges of tongue. Developed in early childhood. |
| 3 papillae that contain taste buds: | Vallate, fungiform, foliate. |
| Filiform papillae | Do NOT contain taste buds but do contain tactile receptors. They increase friction to make it easier to eat. |
| Facial (VII) carries taste information from: | Anterior 2/3 of tongue. |
| Glossopharyngeal (IX) carries taste information from: | Posterior 1/3 of tongue. |
| Vagus (X) carries taste information from: | Epiglottis and throat. |
| Taste pathway: | From medulla taste fibers project into limbic system and hypothalamus. Others project to thalamus and extend to primary gustatory area in the temporal lobe. |
| Structures of vision: | Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye msucels. |
| Palpebral muscles (vision) | Control eyelid movement. |
| Extrinsic eye muscles (vison) | Control the eyeball itself. |
| Conjunctiva (vision) | Thin, protective mucus membrane that lines eyelids and covers sclera. |
| Tarsal plate (vision) | Gives form to eyelids, keeps eyelids from sticking together. |
| Lacrimal apparatus (vision) | Produces and drains tears. |
| Tear pathway: | Lacrimal glands, ducts that pour into eye, puncta that catches tears that don't make it out of eye, canaliculi, sac, nasolacrimal ducts that has tears go out the nose. |
| 6 extrinsic eye muscles: | Superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, and inferior oblique. |
| Superior rectus (vision) | Moves eyes upward. |
| Inferior rectus (vision) | Moves eyes downward. |
| Medial rectus (vision) | Moves eyes inward towards nose. |
| Lateral rectus (vision) | Moves eyes outward. |
| Superior oblique (vision) | Moves eyes in, down, and out. |
| Inferior oblique (vision) | Moves eyes out, up, and out. |
| 3 layers of eyeball walls: | Fibrous tunic (outer layer), vascular tunic (middle layer), retina (inner layer). |
| Posterior sclera (vision) | In fibrous tunic. Gives shape to eyeball, protects internal parts, serves as attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles. |
| Anterior cornea (vision) | In fibrous tunic. Dome-like structure that covers the iris and pupil. Nonvascular, transparent, fibrous coat that covers colored iris. Admits and bends light. |
| Choroid (vision) | In vascular tunic. A layer of tissue between retina and sclera. Has blood vessels that nourish retina. Absorbs scattered light. |
| Ciliary body (vision) | In vascular tunic. Connected to outer edge of iris. Makes the fluid that fills eye providing nourishment. Helps lens change shape for focusing (near and far sight). |
| Iris (vision) | In vascular tunic. Colored, circular. Regulates amount of light that enters the eyeball. Between cornea and lens. Attached to outer margin to the ciliary process. |
| Ciliary process (vision) | Under autonomic control, constricts or dilates pupil, a hole at the center of the iris, regulates the amount of light that enters iris. |
| Lens (vision) | Nonvascular, transparent lens that's locates behind the iris. Fine-tunes focusing of light rays onto the retina for clear vision. Refracts light. |
| Optic disc (vision) | Blind spot. Optic nerve exits the eye. |
| Retina sensors contains: | Rods that see in dim light, and cones that produce color vision. |
| How information flows from retina sensors: | Through outer layer synaptic, to bipolar cells, through inner layer synaptic, to ganglion cells, then leaves as the optic nerve. |
| The iris divides the eye into: | Anterior and posterior chambers. |
| Anterior chamber (vision) | Lies between iris and cornea. Filled with aqueous humor, maintains shape and keeps it from collapsing. |
| Posterior chamber (vision) | Lies behind iris and in front of lens. Also filles with aqueous humor. |
| Vitreous chamber (vision) | Behind posterior chamber. Filled with transparent, gelatinous substance, and vitreous humor. Helps maintain shape of eyeball. Keeps retina attached to choroid. |
| How light passes through eye: | First through cornea, then anterior chamber, then pupil, then posterior chamber, then lens, then vitreous humor, and is projected onto the retina. |
| Retina (vision) | Contains photoreceptors. Receives light and converts it into receptor potentials and nerve impulses. |
| Vision pathway: | The optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, optic radiations, primary visual area of occipital lobe. |
| Binocular vision happens because: | The anterior location of our eyes lead to field overlap. |
| Visual information of right half of visual field travels to: | Left half of brain. |
| Sound travels to ear 1000 times faster than: | Light travels to the eye. |
| External ear contains: | The auricle, external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane. |
| The auricle (hearing) | Captures sound. |
| The external auditory canal (hearing) | Transmits sound to eardrum. |
| Tympanic membrane (hearing) | Is the eardrum. Sound waves cause it to vibrate. |
| Ceruminous glands (hearing) | Secrete ear wax (cerumen) to protect canal and eardrum. |
| Middle ear contains : | 3 ossicles that transmit and amplify vibrations. Malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| Vibrations are transmitted: (hearing) | From eardrum, through ossicles M-I-S, to oval window, to the cochlea as fluid pressure waves, into perilymph of Scala vestibuli, to Scala tympani, then to round window. |
| Auditory tube (hearing) | Regulate air pressure in middle ear. |
| Tensor tympani skeletal muscle is attached to which ossicle? (hearing) | Malleus. |
| Stapedius skeletal muscle is attached to which ossicle? (hearing) | Incus. |
| The inner ear contains: | Cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule. |
| Cochlea (hearing) | Transmits vibrations into neutral impulses that the brain can interpret as sound. |
| Semicircular canals (hearing) | Work with cerebellum for balance and equilibrium. |
| Sound transmission pathway: | Sound waves enter external auditory canal, sound waves strike eardrum, ear ossicles vibrate, perilymph in cochlea moves, hair cells vibrate. |
| Pressure waves travel: (hearing) | From Scala vestibuli, to vestibular membrane, to endolymph of cochlear duct. |
| Basal membrane (hearing) | Vibrates the hair cells of the spiral organ against tectorial membrane. Generates nerve impulses in cochlear nerve fibers. |
| Cochlear nerve fibers form: (hearing) | From cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve. |
| Impulses from cochlear nerve fibers travel: (hearing) | To the thalamus and end in the primary auditory area in the temporal lobe. |
| Mechanism of hearing: | Auricle, external auditory ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells move against tectorial membrane, cochlear nerve fibers. |
| Static equilibrium (hearing) | Body's position relative to force of gravity. |
| Dynamic equilibrium (hearing) | Body's position in response to sudden movements. |
| Vestibular apparatus (hearing) | Organs that maintain equilibrium. Utricle, saccule, semicircular canals. |
| Otoliths (hearing) | Calcium carbonate crystals that help maintain balance. |
| Saccule (hearing) | Detects the position of the head in space in vertical acceleration and deceleration. |
| Semicircular ducts (hearing) | Detect rotational accelerations and deceleration. |
| Utricle (hearing) | Detects horizontal acceleration and deceleration. |
Created by:
LaurenNeer
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