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ANAT 711 bc misc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| protects vital thoracic and abdominal organs; provides attachments for anchoring and support weight of upper limbs, mm. of abdomen, neck, back, and thorax; supports internal pressure generated by respiratory movements | thoracic cage |
| includes thoracic cage, mm. that extend between ribs, costal cartilages, sternum, skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia; vertebrae of post. wall; superior and thoracic apertures within this | true thoracic wall |
| space of true thoracic wall that provides communication for structures that pass between thoracic cavity and neck; some structures include trachea, esophagus, and nn. and vessels that supply and drain head, neck, and limbs | superior thoracic aperture |
| space of true thoracic wall that is much larger than other structure, completely covered by diaphragm, and acts as a passage point for structures passing from thorax to abdomen | inferior thoracic aperture |
| curved, flat bones that form thoracic cage | ribs |
| attach directly to sternum through their costal cartilages, 1st-7th | true ribs |
| cartilage of these ribs attach to superior rib, indirect attachment, 8th-10th ribs | false ribs |
| cartilages of ribs do not connect with the sternum, 11th-12th ribs | floating ribs |
| 1st-2nd ribs are considered this because of the small tubercles for m. attachment | atypical ribs |
| vertebrae that articulate with ribs via three sites bilaterally (costovertebral joints) | thoracic vertebrae |
| facet on thoracic vertebrae, articulates with head of its own ribs | superior costal facet |
| facet on thoracic vertebrae, articulates with head of inferior rib | inferior costal facet |
| facet on thoracic vertebrae, a.k.a. oval facet, articulates with tubercle of its own rib | transverse costal facet |
| how many vertebrae do ribs typically articulate with | 2 |
| how many vertebrae does the first rib articulate with | 1 |
| joints between upper 7 costal cartilages and the sternum | sternochondral joints |
| joints between costal cartilages of adjacent ribs | interchondral joints |
| joints that join costal cartilage and boney rib | costochondral joints |
| joint between manubrium and body of sternum | manubriosternal joint |
| joint between body of sternum and xiphoid process | xiphisternal joint |
| joint of sternal body and manubrium, superior and inferior mediastinum splits here, used to find rib 2 as a reference for counting ribs, where arch of aorta begins and ends, level where trachea bifurcates | sternal angle |
| rib movement that moves in the transverse dimension of thorax, increases slightly which raises lateral-most part of ribs, ribs move outward with inspiration | bucket-handle movement |
| rib movement, anterior-posterior dimension of thorax increases and movement causes anterior ribs ends to rise, ribs move up and anterior with inspiration, movement of sternum as well | pump-handle movement |
| skin, subcutaneous tissue, external intercostal m., internal intercostal m., neurovascular plane, innermost intercostal m., endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura, visceral pleura, lung | thoracic wall superficial to deep |
| balloon-like structure that consists of a parietal and visceral part | pleura |
| has named parts depending on immediate relationships, costal pleura (thoracic wall), cupula (rises above 1st rib), diaphragmatic pleura (diaphragm/floor of cavity), mediastinal pleura (middle mediastinum and root of lung) | parietal pleura |
| pleura that comes off bronchii to line cavity | parietal pleura |
| pleura that lines organs and is attached | visceral pleura |
| trachea -> carina right before bifurcation -> bifurcation of trachea into primary bronchi and go to each lung bilaterally -> branch into secondary/lobar bronchi which go to each lobe -> branch into segmental/tertiary bronchi | trachea and bronchial trees |
| reflection of visceral pleura off of hilum/root of lung that continues inferiorly in relation to hilum | pulmonary ligament |
| compartmentalized into superior, middle, and posterior | mediastinum |
| part of mediastinum that is posterior to manubrium of sternum, superior to transverse plane of sternal angle, anterior to vertebral bodies, contains great vessels | superior mediastinum |
| part of mediastinum that houses pericardium and heart | middle mediastinum |
| aa. and vv. that travel to or from the heart, come off of superior aspect of heart | great vessels |
| begins and ends at the level of the sternal angle, gives off 3 branches | arch of aorta |
| brachiocephalic a., left common carotid a., left subclavian a. | branches off arch of aorta |
| located in superior mediastinum and is important in embryonic circulation, remnant of ductus arteriosus, now a closed structure, landmark of vagus n. | ligamentum arteriosum |
| patent vessel during development, connects pulmonary trunk with arch of aorta and allows blood to bypass lungs by shunting blood from pulmonary trunk | ductus arteriosus |
| surrounds heart and roots of great vessels; layers from superficial to deep: fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial/serous fluid, visceral layer of serous pericardium, myocardium m., endocardium m. | pericardial sac |
| what is the only thing that should be in the pericardial sac, in small amounts | serous fluid |
| reflection of pericardium onto great vessels is significant embryologically and defines these sinuses: oblique and transverse | pericardial sinuses |
| pericardial sinus that is inferior and posterior to the heart in the pericardial sac | oblique pericardial sinus |
| pericardial sinus, between aorta/pulmonary a. (ant.) and superior vena cava (post.) | transverse pericardial sinus |
| coronary sulci, found between ventricles | anterior and posterior interventricular sulci |
| runs where right and left coronary aa. will be found | coronary sulcus |
| marks location of embryonic foramen ovale which allows blood to pass the lungs before birth, found in right atrium | fossa ovalis |
| increases surface area of right atrium | right auricle |
| ridge/muscular wall of right atrium, formed by folding of heart | crista terminalis |
| m. fibers within heart walls in right atrium | pectinate mm. |
| right side of heart; 3 papillary muscles and cusps: septal, anterior, and posterior; when papillary mm. contract chordae tendinae pull on the cusps and valves close | tricuspid valve |
| fibers within ventricles that connect to papillary muscles | chordae tendinae |
| leads to pulmonary aa.; in right ventricle; contains 3 semilunar valves: left, anterior, and right | pulmonary valve |
| path to pulmonary valve in right ventricle | conus arteriosus |
| m. fibers on wall of right ventricle | trabeculae carneae |
| travels from IV septum to anterior papillary m., allows contractile fibers to travel to papillary mm. for contraction in right ventricle | moderator band |
| blood pools here within cusps of pulmonary valve and goes into lungs | pulmonary sinus |
| prevents blood from passing from left atrium to right atrium, may not be fully fused in some adults, found in left atrium | valve of foramen ovale |
| increases surface area of left atrium | left auricle |
| 2 papillary muscles and cusps: anterior and posterior, a.k.a. mitral valve | bicuspid valve |
| path from left ventricle to aorta | aortic vestibule |
| heart sound caused by closure of bicuspid and tricuspid valves at onset of ventricular systole | 1st lub sound |
| heart sound caused by closure of aortic and pulmonary valves, vibration of walls and heart, and major vessels at onset of ventricular diastole | 2nd dub sound |
| posterior to pericardial sac and diaphragm, inferior to sternal angle, anterior to bodies of middle and lower thoracic vertebrae | posterior mediastinum |
| descending aorta and branches, esophagus and associated n. plexuses, azygos system of vv., sympathetic trunks (ANS), thoracic splanchnic nn. (ANS), thoracic duct and associated lymph nodes | contents of posterior mediastinum |
| where lymph will come together before draining into venous system | thoracic duct and associated lymph nodes |
| junction of esophagus and pharynx in neck, in superior mediastinum where esophagus is crossed by arch of aorta, in posterior mediastinum where esophagus is compressed by left main bronchus, in posterior mediastinum at esophageal hiatus in diaphragm | sites of esophageal constriction |
| openings in diaphragm inferior vena cava: ____ esophagus: ____ descending aorta and thoracic duct: ____ | T8, T10, T12 |
| primary channel through which lymph from most of the body is returned to venous system, enters thorax by ascending through aortic hiatus and traveling anteriorly to vertebral bodies, empties into junction of left internal jugular v. and left subclavian v. | thoracic duct |
| "duck" between the "goose" | thoracic duct |
| in abdominal cavity the thoracic duct is a continuation of this | cisterna chyli |
| superficial to deep: skin, camper's fascia, scarpa's fascia, external oblique m., internal oblique m., transversus abdominis m., trasversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, peritoneum | layers of abdominal wall |
| demarcates transition between aponeurotic posterior wall of sheath covering the superior 3/4 of the rectus and transversalis fascia covering the inferior 1/4 | arcuate line |
| common place for hernias, only thing that contributes to posterior sheath below the arcuate line | transversalis fascia |
| where anterior and posterior layers of rectus sheath interlace in anterior median line, runs vertically the length of the anterior abdominal wall and separates bilateral rectus sheath | linea alba |
| fold of peritoneum over inferior epigastric vessels on the internal surface of anterolateral wall | lateral umbilical fold |
| fold of peritoneum over medial umbilical ligament (obliterated umbilical a.) on the internal surface of anterolateral wall | medial umbilical fold |
| fold of peritoneum over median umbilical ligament (obliterated urachus) on the internal surface of anterolateral wall | median umbilical fold |
| potential site for less common direct inguinal hernias on the internal surface of anterolateral wall, within transversalis fascia | Hasselbach's triangle |
| starts at posterior abdominal wall into scrotum through inguinal canal, drags layers of anterior abdominal wall along with male gonad, gubernaculum pulls down and anchors at bottom of scrotum | migration of testes |
| layer of testes, previous name was parietal peritoneum | processus/tunica vaginalis |
| layer of testes, previous name was transversalis fascia | internal spermatic fascia |
| layer of testes, previous name was internal oblique m. | cremaster m. |
| layer of testes, previous name was external oblique m. | external spermatic fascia |
| important structure in relation to descent of testes and anchoring of ovaries | gubernaculum |
| gubernaculum anchors ____ in males | testes |
| what becomes the round ligament and round ligament of uterus after testes migration | gubernaculum |
| entrance of inguinal canal, where vas deferens and testicular vessels (males) or round ligament (females) pass through, common place for indirect inguinal hernias | deep inguinal ring |
| what kind of hernia goes through deep inguinal ring, inguinal canal, and superficial inguinal ring | indirect |
| where spermatic cord (males) or round ligament (females) exit inguinal canal, common place for direct inguinal hernias, made up of external oblique aponeurosis fibers to enter inguinal canal | superficial inguinal ring |
| what kind of hernia goes through just the superficial inguinal ring | direct |
| reinforced by condensation of transversalis fascia that extends into a common tendon called the inguinal falx or conjoint tendon, deep to inguinal ligament | inguinal canal |
| provides structures that allow inguinal rings to form | conjoint tendon |
| ductus/vas deferens, testicular a., pampiniform venous plexus, genital branch of genitofemoral n., lymphatic vessels, vestige of processus vaginalis | contents of spermatic cord |
| small "sac" that sits with scrotum, visceral and parietal parts | vestige of processus vaginalis |
| contributes to covering of scrotum and testes and is made up of a parietal and visceral layer | tunica vaginalis |
| layer of tunica vaginalis located immediately on surface of testes | visceral |
| layer of tunica vaginalis adjacent to internal spermatic fascia which is a small cavity between the layers so testis can move freely in scrotum | parietal |
| tough outer fibrous layer surrounding testes proper, thickens to form mediastinum of testis which create septa within the testes | tunica albuginea |
| elongated structure on posterior-superior surface of testis and consists of head, tail, and body | epididymis |
| reflects from body wall and organ to create peritoneal cavity, sectioned into lesser and greater sacs and only contains a thin film of peritoneal fluid | peritoneum |
| words to describe regions outside of peritoneum | retro/extra/sub-peritoneal |
| word that refers to viscera that is almost completely covered with peritoneum | intraperitoneal |
| communication between the lesser sac/omental bursa and greater sac on the right side of the body | epiploic foramen |
| forms roof of lesser sac in foregut, double layer of peritoneum, made up of 2 ligaments: hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments | lesser omentum |
| 4-layered peritoneal fold that overlies intestines and hangs down from greater curvature of stomach, contains many structures | greater omentum |
| fold of peritoneum that suspends transverse colon, divides abdominal cavity into supracolic and infracolic compartments | transverse mesocolon |
| stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, celiac trunk, pancreas, lesser sac | contents of foregut |
| the contents of the portal triad pass through what ligament | hepatoduodenal ligament |
| diaphragmatic surface of liver is dome-shaped and reflection of peritoneum from diaphragm forms anterior and posterior layers of what ligament | coronary ligament |
| layers of the peritoneum on the diaphragmatic surface of liver meet on the right side to form right and left ____ ligaments and diverge toward the left side to enclose triangular bare areas | triangular |
| fibrous remnant of umbilical v., courses in inferior free edge of falciform ligament | round ligament of liver |
| fibrous remnant of fetal ductus venosus which shunted blood from umbilical v. to IVC, short-circuiting liver | ligamentum venosum |
| right and left bile ducts receive bile from liver and combine to form what | common hepatic duct |
| what will join the common hepatic duct to form common bile duct | cystic duct |
| common bile duct combines with what to form the ampulla | main pancreatic duct |
| ampulla of biliary duct system drains into descending portion of what | duodenum |
| duct of pancreas that begins in tail, runs to right side along entire pancreas and carries pancreatic juice containing enzymes, joins bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla before entering 2nd part of duodenum at major duodenal papilla | main pancreatic duct |
| pancreatic duct that begins in head of pancreas and drains head and body of pancreas, empties at minor duodenal papilla above greater papilla | accessory pancreatic duct |
| starts at distal duodenum and ends 2/3 through transverse colon | midgut |
| starts 2/3 through transverse colon and ends 2/3 through anal canal; consists of left colic flexure, transverse colon, right colic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum | hindgut |
| lies against 3 sacral vertebrae and coccyx | rectum |
| in females the rectouterine pouch and rectovaginal septum sit ____ to rectum | anterior |
| in males the rectum is related to fundus of urinary bladder, seminal glands, and prostate that sit ____ (retrovesicle pouch) | anterior |
| two structures that rectum is continuous with | sigmoid colon and anal canal |
| located anterior to S3 vertebrae, between rectum and sigmoid colon | rectosigmoid junction |
| inner circular layer of rectum contributes to what actions | peristalsis and stability |
| loss of haustra and epiploic appendages, broadening of teniae coli into longitudinal m., inner circular m. that contributes to peristalsis and stability, transverse folds and ampulla store waste | sigmoid colon to rectum |
| curved due to curvature of sacrum and presence of puborectalis m. | rectum |
| terminal part of digestive tract, begins at level of u-shaped sling formed by puborectalis m., houses internal and external anal sphincters | anal canal |
| involuntary sphincter surrounding the superior 2/3 of anal canal, tonically contracted to prevent leakage of fluid or flatus, contributes to urge to defacate | internal anal sphincter |
| inferior 2/3 voluntary sphincter that maintains continence when internal sphincter is relaxed; 3 parts: deep, superficial, and subcutaneous | external anal sphincter |
| serrated line on internal anal canal formed by anal columns, delineates border between internal and external anal sphincters, dividing line between different neurovascular supplies of superior and inferior aspects of anal canal | pectinate line |
| hemorrhoids caused by prolapses of rectal mucosa containing dilated vv. of internal rectal plexus, superior to pectinate line is visceral (autonomic) so this region is painless | internal hemorrhoids |
| hemorrhoids caused by clots of vv. of external rectal plexus and is covered by skin, inferior to pectinate line is somatic (inferior rectal n.) so this region is sensitive to pain | external hemorrhoids |
| located on posterior abdominal wall near the 5 lumbar vertebrae | retroperitoneum |
| junction of ureters and renal pelvis, crossing external iliac a. and pelvic brim, during passage through wall of urinary bladder | sites of ureteric constriction |
| produce sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol; located on superior aspect of kidneys due to direct impact on blood pressure and filtration patterns | suprarenal glands |
| iliac crest, iliac fossa, superior pubic ramus, pubic tubercle, inferior pubic ramus, sacroiliac joints (contribute to stability of pelvis), obturator foramen, ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, greater sciatic notch, lesser sciatic notch | features of pelvis |
| creates a stable framework for pelvis, attaches to ischial spine and margins of sacrum and coccyx | sacrospinous ligament |
| creates a stable framework for pelvis; attaches to posterior ilium, lateral sacrum, and coccyx to ischial tuberosity | sacrotuberous ligament |
| made up of greater/false pelvis and lesser/true pelvis, articulated bony pelves, have a pelvic inlet and outlet | pelvis |
| condenses on inferior border to form the tendinous arch, between pubis and ischium | obturator membrane |
| allows for attachment of levator ani m. | tendinous arch |
| opening where obturator n. and vessels travel from pelvis to lower limb, allows for communication with adductor region of lower limb | obturator canal |
| allows for communication with lower limb and gluteal region | greater sciatic foramen |
| allows for communication with perineum | lesser sciatic foramen |
| reflects off superior aspect of pelvic organs; structures: rectum, anus, bladder, urethra, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, vagina, prostate, seminal vesicles, ductus/vas deferens; also contains rectouterine, vesicouterine, and rectovesicle pouches | peritoneum |
| a.k.a. pouch of Douglas, reflects off rectum and uterus, found in females, allows access to peritoneal cavity | rectouterine pouch |
| reflects off bladder and uterus, found in females | vesicouterine pouch |
| reflects off rectum and bladder, found in males | rectovesicle pouch |
| gender with a shorter urethra | females |
| gender with a longer urethra | males |
| posterior aspect of bladder wall, where ureters communicate with bladder | trigone of bladder |
| superior border of trigone of bladder that connects the ureteric orifices | interureteric crest |
| inferior aspect of wall and where bladder communicates with urethra | uvula |
| preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy | parts of male urethra |
| refers to shallow compartment of body bound by: pubic symphysis, ischiopubic ramus, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligament, sacrum, coccyx | perineum |
| have several contents and are made up of the following boundaries (superficial to deep): superficial perineal fascia, deep perineal fascia, superficial perineal pouch, perineal membrane, deep perineal pouch | pouches of perineum |
| potential space bound by perineal membrane, deep perineal fascia, and perineal body; contains erectile tissues, ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus mm., superficial transverse perineal mm., greater vestibular glands | superficial perineal pouch |
| closes urogenital triangle by attaching between 2 sides of pubic arch, perforated by urethra in both sexes and vagina in females, central tendon found here | perineal membrane |
| called perineal body and sits posterior to vestibule of vagina or bulb of penis and anterior to anus and anal canal | central tendon of perineal membrane |
| potential space bound by transverse perineal mm. (superior) and perineal membrane (inferior); contains urethra, ext. urethral sphincter, vagina, bulbourethral gland in males, deep transverse perineal mm. in males | deep perineal pouch |
| structure that sits on midline and anchors perineal membrane; provides attachment for several other structures: superficial and deep transverse perineal mm., bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus mm., ext. anal and urethral sphincter mm., levator ani | perineal body |
| bilateral, wedge-shaped space that comms. with each other superior to anococcygeal body and post. to anal canal, has an abundance of comm. points can contribute to spread of infection, superficial to levator ani, boundaries located on lat. aspect of anus | ischiorectal fossa |
| includes penis and scrotum; anatomical characteristics: corona of glans (ridge), glans penis, dorsum of penis (top), body/shaft of penis, ext. urethral orifices | male urogenital triangle |
| includes labia and vestibule; anatomical characteristics: ant. and post. commissure of labia majora, mons pubis, anus, prepuce of clitoris (hood), glans clitoris (erectile tissue), frenulum of clitoris, ext. urethral orifice, vaginal orifice | female urogenital triangle |
| between labii minora, urethra found here | vestibule |
| 3 bodies make up penis, consists of corpora cavernosum paired dorsally and single corpus spongiosum ventrally | erectile tissue of penis |
| erectile tissue that vasodilates during enlargement | corpora cavernosum |
| erectile tissue containing spongy urethra | corpus spongiosum |
| fascial layer that surrounds urethra and erectile tissue of penis, Scarpa's fascia continued | Dartos fascia |
| fascial layer that surrounds urethra and erectile tissue of penis | Bucks fascia |
| fascial layer that surrounds urethra and erectile tissue of penis, Dartos fascia blends with other fascia and becomes this | Colles' fascia |
| covers vasculature, provides protection, and keeps visceral structures together | fascial layers |
| ligament that anchors erectile bodies of penis to pubic symphysis | suspensory ligament of penis |
| ligament that extends from linea alba anterior to pubic symphysis in males, anterior to suspensory ligament, thicker | fundiform ligament of penis |
| opens onto prostatic sinuses that sit on either side of seminal colliculus | prostatic ducts |
| outpouching on midline of prostatic sinus | seminal colliculus |
| remnant of female development, goes away | orifice of prostatic vesicle |
| what structure is immediately adjacent to uterine a. and vulnerable to dissection during a hysterectomy | ureters |
| part of broad ligament of female reproductive viscera, contains ovarian a. | mesovarium |
| part of broad ligament of female reproductive viscera, contains tubal branch of uterine a. | mesosalpinx |
| ligament of female reproductive viscera, contain uterine a. and venous plexus | broad ligament |
| ligament that runs from lateral and superior aspect of ovary, surrounds ovarian vessels and nerves, will bleed if cut | suspensory ligament of ovary |
| ligament that runs from medial pole of ovary to lateral portion of uterus, remnant of gubernaculum | ligament of ovary |
| ligament that runs from superior and lat. portion of uterus through the deep inguinal ring and eventually travels through inguinal canal, remnant of gubernaculum, sits within labia majora | round ligament of uterus |
| ligaments said to provide support for position of uterus and prevent uterine prolapse, both run along uterus, can weaken which causes prolapse | cardinal and uterosacral ligaments |
| other than serous fluid what is the one thing that should be in the peritoneum | female egg |
| opening from cervix to vagina | external os |
| opening where vagina meets cervix; lateral, posterior, and anterior | fornix |
| where cervix communicates with uterus | internal os |
| ligament formed by 2 layers of peritoneum that extend from lateral side of uterus to the lat. pelvic wall; 3 parts: mesosalpinx (uterine tube), mesovarium (ovary), and mesometrium (uterus) | broad ligament of uterus |
| contained within superior and lateral margin of broad ligament | uterine tube |
| female reproductive viscera is located in pelvic cavity and what other space | perineum |
| a.k.a. Bartholin's glands, located in superficial perineal pouch and lie on either side of vestibule of vagina, secrete mucous into the vestibule of vagina during sexual arousal | greater vestibular glands |
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