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a&p exam 3
modules 6&7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what muscle is most likely to be found in the heart? | cardiac |
| what muscle is most likely to be found attached to bones? | skeletal |
| what muscle is most likely to be found in hollow organs and blood vessels? | smooth |
| what quality to all 3 muscle tissue types exhibit? | excitability |
| individual muscle cells are wrapped in | endomysium |
| muscle cells grouped together form | fascicles |
| fascicles are wrapped in | perimysium |
| skeletal muscles (made of many fascicles) are wrapped in | epimysium |
| what type of tissue is endomysium | areolar loose connective tissue |
| what type of tissue is perimysium | dense irregular connective tissue |
| what type of tissue is epimysium | dense irregular connective tissue |
| structures of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium |
| function of smooth muscle | move food, regulate blood pressure |
| function of cardiac muscle | pump blood |
| function of skeletal muscle | move skeleton |
| places where the sarcolemma folds into the muscle fiber. function to bring action potentials to all parts of the sarcoplasm | t tubules |
| what are individual muscle cells called? | muscle fibers |
| what is the plasma membrane of muscle cells? | sarcolemma |
| what is the sarcoplasm? | cytoplasm of muscle cells |
| characteristics of sarcoplasm | many nuclei, many mitochondria, and contains myofibrils |
| characteristics of skeletal muscle | multinucleated, unbranched, voluntary activity |
| characteristics of cardiac muscle | 1 or 2 nuclei, branched, intercalated discs, involuntary activity |
| characteristics of smooth muscle | single nucleus, unbranched, involuntary activity |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers (calcium storage) |
| what are myofibrils? | protein tubes that fill muscle fibers |
| contractile proteins of myofibrils | actin and myosin |
| sarcomeres | arrangement pattern of myofibril contractile proteins |
| m line | middle of sarcomere; anchors myosin proteins in place |
| z discs | on either end of the sarcomere; anchor actin proteins in place |
| i band | only has thin (actin) filaments |
| h zone | only has thick (myosin) filaments |
| a band | zone of overlap |
| how many stages does the cross-bridge cycle have | 4 stages |
| stages of cross bridge cycle | cross-bridge formation, power stroke, cross-bridge detachment, cocking the myosin head |
| cross bridge formation | energized myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament |
| power stroke | adp and p are released and the myosin head pivots and bends, changing to its bent (low-energy state); pulls actin filament toward the m line |
| cross bridge detachment | after atp attached to myosin, the link between myosin and actin weakens; the myosin head detaches (broken cross bridge) |
| cocking of the myosin head | as myosin hydrolyzes atp to adp and p, the myosin head returns to its prestroke (high-energy) cocked position |
| regulatory proteins of muscle fibers | tropomyosin and troponin |
| tropomyosin function | blocks the myosin binding sites on actin |
| troponin function | binds calcium |
| calcium and muscle contraction | calcium binds to troponin which is bound to tropomyosin; binding causes a shift in the position of the troponin-tropomyosin complex, uncovering the myosin binding sites on actin and allowing myosin to bind to actin |
| what chemical messenger do the neurons at the neuromuscular junction release to begin muscle excitation-contraction coupling? | acetylcholine (ach) |
| acetylcholine functioning | binds to chemically-gated sodium channels, releasing sodium in the muscle cell |
| steps of muscle contraction | ach is released, sodium channels open, muscle fiber membrane depolarizes, calcium channels open, calcium binds to troponin |
| three types of muscle fibers | fast glycolytic, fast oxidative, slow oxidative |
| how are muscle fibers differentiated? | method of atp synthesis and rate of atp use |
| two ways muscle fibers build atp | glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation |
| glycolysis | anaerobic; occurs in the cytoplasm; atp created by breaking down glycogen (stored glucose) |
| oxidative phosphorylation | aerobic; occurs in the mitochondria |
| contracts quickly and builds atp via electron transport chain | fast oxidative |
| contracts quickly and builds atp from glycogen | fast glycolytic |
| contracts slowly and builds atp from the electron transport chain | slow oxidative |
| short and strong muscle contraction ex. sprinting | fast glycolytic |
| long period of contraction ex. marathon running | slow oxidative |
| repeated short bursts of strong muscle contraction ex. cycling and swimming | fast oxidative |
| overload principle | muscles will adapt and grow when forced to work harder than before |
| muscle enlargement/growth | hypertrophy |
| atrophy | muscle decay |
| aerobic exercise impact what fibers | slow oxidative; increased blood flow to muscles, increased mitochondria, increased myoglobin; results in more strength, endurance, and fatigue-resistance |
| resistance exercise impacts what fibers | fast glycolytic; increased size of individual muscle fibers, increased muscle size, increased amount of stored glycogen; results in hypertrophy |
| age-related decline in number of muscle fibers | sarcopenia |
| what is released when ach binds to receptors in sarcolemma causing depolarization as positively charged sodium ions enter across the membrane | calcium |
| what would happen to the muscle fiber if calcium didn't bind to troponin in the sarcolemma? | calcium wouldn't be able to initiate the initial contraction, which is sustained by atp until it can bind to troponin to shorten muscle fibers |
| a muscle contraction stops when the signal from the motor neuron ends or when what runs out | when atp runs out |
| in muscle contraction, the myofibrils shorten but actin and myosin change position and don't shorten in length. what shorten? | the z disk |
| what happens during the power stroke phase? | atp and p are released and the myosin heads bend, changing their energy state, pulling the actin filament toward the m-line |
| isotonic contraction | lead to movement |
| types of isotonic contraction | concentric and eccentric |
| concentric contractions | force is generated as the muscle shortens ex. arm curl upwards |
| eccentric contractions | force is generated as the muscle elongates ex. arm curl down |
| isometric contractions | don't lead to movement ex. posture and stability |
| muscle twitch | response of a muscle to a single stimulation |
| how many phases does muscle twitch have? | 3 stages |
| 3 phases of muscle twitch | latent period, period of contraction, period of relaxation |
| latent period | when excitation-coupling first begins |
| period of contraction | cross bridges are actively forming and causing tension |
| period of relaxation | active cross bridges decline as calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| wave summation | when new stimuli occur during the relaxation phase of previous stimuli |
| tetanus wave cycle | calcium ions are continuously pumped into SR, so all sarcomeres can form cross bridges and shorten continuously until fatigued |
| agonists | muscles that contribute most to a muscle action |
| synergists | support agonists by providing extra force or stabilizing the origin of an agonist |
| antagonists | muscle that oppose the agonist |
| when the knee is bent, the hamstrings are the _ and the quadriceps femoris are the _ | agonist; antagonist |
| during forearm flexion, the biceps are the _ while the triceps are the _. the roles are reversed during extension | agonist; antagonist |
| fascicles come to a single common attachment point | convergent |
| fascicles are arranged as concentric bundles | circular |
| central tendon with branches of angles fascicles | multipennate |
| fascicles located on one side of the tendon | unipennate |
| fascicles located on both sides of the tendon | bipennate |
| fascicles arranged in the same direction as the long axis of the muscle | parallel |
| muscle with a convergent arrangement | pectoralis major |
| muscle with a parallel arrangement | biceps brachii |
| muscle with a circular arrangement | orbicularis oris |
| muscle with a unipennate arrangement | extensor digitorum |
| muscle with a bipennate arrangement | rectus femoris |
| muscle with a multipennate arrangement | deltoid |
| direct attachment | when the epimysium attaches to the bone |
| indirect attachment | when the epimysium forms a tendon/aponeurosis that attaches to bone |
| group of skeletal muscle cells that contract together | fascicles |
| what can skeletal muscles be named based on | location, shape, action, number of origins, direction of muscle fibers, size, and location of attachments |
| brevis | short or brief |
| longus | long |
| rectus | upright e.g. rectus abdominis |
| transverse | across a horizontal plane e.g. transversus abdominis |
| oblique | neither parallel nor perpendicular e.g. external oblique |
| bi meaning | 2 e.g. biceps brachii |
| tri meaning | 3 e.g. triceps brachii |
| muscles found in the abdominal wall | upper arm, pelvic floor, thorax, and intercostal muscles |
| sterno | sternum (breastbone) |
| cleido | clavicle (collar bone) |
| mastoid | mastoid process of the temporal bone |
| trapezius muscle prime movement | shrugging shoulders and tilting head back |
| pectoralis prime movement | helps bring elbows together and upward |
| deltoid prime movement | lifting arms at the shoulder |
| brachioradialis prime movement | stabilizing elbow during bicep curl motion |
| maximus | large or maximum |
| minimus | small or minimum |
| medius | middle or inbetween |
| adductor action | moving toward the midline |
| abductor action | moving away from the midline |
| flexor action | shorten the angle of synovial joints |
| extensor action | increase the angle of synovial joints |
| muscle that moves back of lower legs toward the buttocks | sartorius |
| dorsiflexion inversion | where the soles of the feet are lifted off of the ground |
| muscle that moves he lower leg out in front (extension) | vastus lateralis |
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