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A & P 1/Exam #3
Chapters 6-10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The term vertebrosternal ribs refer to the “false ribs” that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum. T/F | False because vertebrosternal is referred to as true, the superior seven rib pairs attach DIRECTLY to the sternum by individual costal cartilages. Vertebrochondral ribs is the correct term that refers to the false ribs. |
| The shallow socket of the shoulder joint restricts dislocation of the humerus and is the main contributor to the stability of the joint. T/F? | This is false, because the glenoid fossa is so shallow, it does not contribute much to the stability of the shoulder joint. Rather, muscles (specifically the rotator cuff) and glenohumeral ligaments are the main contributors to the joint's stability. |
| The temporal bone connects to the zygomatic bone via the temporal process of the temporal bone. T/F | False, The temporal bone does connect to the zygomatic bone; however, it is through the zygomatic process that the two bones connect. |
| The largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla. (T/F) | This is False, the largest and strongest bone of the face is the mandible, not the maxilla. |
| The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the sagittal suture. True or False | False- Frontal bone: This is the bone that forms your forehead and the front part of the skull. Parietal bones: These are two large bones that form the sides and top of your skull. |
| The femur is the largest and strongest bone in the body. T/F | True |
| The most common site of fracture in the humerus is the surgical neck which is distal to the anatomical neck? T/F | True |
| The vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudal ligaments. T/F | True |
| In woman of childbearing age, the dimension of the true pelvis are of utmost importance? T/F | True |
| The frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone by means of the sagittal suture? T/F | False |
| The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse. T/F | True |
| Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum. T/F | True |
| In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone us the radius. T/F | True |
| The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis forming the acetabulum. T/F | True |
| The lacrimal bone contains a groove that forms part of the lacrimal fossa along with the soft tissue of the lacrimal sac, these structures drain tears from the eye into the nasal passage? T/F | True |
| The shallow socket of the shoulder joint restricts dislocatioh of the humerus and is the main contributor to the stability of the joint? T/F | False |
| I-band | -lighter region -contains only filament (actin) -a sacromere has 1/2 of an I-band on each ends |
| Myosin | -plays a role in motility and shape change -a protein found in thick filaments -each molecule consists of 6 polypeptide chains -splits ATP and uses the released energy to drive movement |
| Isometric contraction | -muscle contracts without shortening ex: holding an object out in front of you that is heavy enough to cause contraction |
| Isotonic contractions | same tension -contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given load and the muscle shortens |
| Z-disc | zig zag disc -boundary of sacromere -anchors actin -keeps everything in place when muscle contracts |
| muscle tone | determined by alternating motor units of a muscle organ even when the muscle is at rest -keeps muscle firm -constantly slightly contrated -caused by spinal reflexes |
| Tetanic contraction | continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation |
| How is a smooth increase in muscle force produced? | multiple motor units |
| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store? | calcium |
| What types of receptors does the sarcolemma motor end plate contain? | acetylcholine |
| When does the latent period occur? | following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell |
| refractory period | when a muscle is unable to respond to a stimuli temporarily |
| What functions in the muscle cell by storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP | Creatine phosphate |
| What surrounds the muscle cells | endomysium |
| What results from insufficient ATP to release actin and myosin molecules | Rigor Mortis |
| oxygen binding protein found in muscle cells | myoglobin |
| An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of 2 net ATPs per glucose plus 2 pyruvate molecules is _________ | glycolysis |
| Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, ____________ | no muscle tension could be generated |
| multiple motor unit summation | 1 nerve, 4 muscle fibers The greater the motor units, the stronger it is the lesser the motor units, the weaker it is |
| Tetanus | disease caused by bacterium; clostridium tetani -releases toxin that impairs the nerves that control the muscles |
| unfused tetanic contraction | incomplete, increase in stimulus, quivering, and partial muscle contraction |
| fused tetanic contraction | complete, muscle fully contracts with no relaxation, smooth sustained contraction plateau |
| skeletal cartilages | made from cartilage tissue, surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called perichondrium |
| hyaline cartilage | most abundant skeletal cartilage and includes the articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilages |
| elastic cartilage | more flexible than hyaline and are located only in the external ear and epiglottis of the larynx |
| fibrocartilage | located in areas that must withstand a great deal of pressure or stretch, like the knee and intervertebral discs -appositional growth -interstitial growth |
| compact bones | dense outer layer that appears smooth and solid |
| spongy bone | internal of the compact bones, trabeculae is found here -lacks osteons |
| appositional growth | outward expansion due to the production of catilage matric on the outer face of the tissue |
| interstitial growth | expansion from within the cartilage matrix due to division of lacunae-bound chondrocytes and secretion of matrix |
| Function of the bones | -support -protection -anchorage -mineral storage -blood cell formation -triglyceride storage -hormone production |
| axial skeleton | skull, vertebral column, ribe cage |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton |
| long bones | longer than wide, have definite shaft and 2 ends -has a tubular diaphysis -medullary cavity -external surface called periosteum -connective tissue called endosteum -red bone marrow in trabecular cavity |
| short bones | cube shaped and include carpals, tarsals, and patellas |
| flat bones | thin, flattened, often curved bones that include most skull bones -red bone marrow in diploe |
| irregular bones | complicated shapes that do not fit in any other class |
| What are the 5 type of cells in bone tissue | -osteoprogenitor cells -osteoblasts -osteocytes -bone lining cells -osteoclasts |
| the structural unit of compact bone | osteon |
| series of concentric tubes of bone matrix and are located just beneath the periosteum | lamellae |
| runs through the center of each osteon and allows passage of blood vessels and nerves | central canal |
| small holes housing the osteocytes and are found at the junctions of the lamellae and are connected to each other | lacunae |
| ossification | process forms the bony skeleton in embryos and allows for bone growth -in adults mainly for remodeling and repair |
| endochondral ossification | -bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage, forming all bones below the skull except for the clavicles |
| intramembranous ossification | forms membrane bone from fibrous connective tissue membranes, and results in the cranial bones and the clavicles -mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts -osteoblasts secrete osteoid |
| Growth in length of long bones | -resting zone -proliferation zone -hypertrophic zone -calcification zone -ossification zone |
| growth in width and thickness | occurs through appositional growth due to osteoblasts deposition of bone matrix beneath the periosteum |
| 4 major stages of fracture repair | -hematoma forms -fibrocartilaginous callus forms/fibroblasts and chondroblasts -bony callus forms -bone remodeling occurs |
| Osteomalacia | bones is inadequately mineralized |
| Rickets | inadequate mineralization of bones in children caused by insufficient calcium |
| Paget's Disease | excessive, random bone deposition and resorption, with the resulting bone abnormally high in spongy bone -reduced mineralization -irregular bone thickening -1% of Americans -Biosphosphates and high doses of calcitonin |
| Osteoporosis | -bone mass is reduced -insufficient exercise or immobility -most frequent fractures of vertebrae and neck of femur -decrease in sex hormones, genetics, alcohol consumption -lack of Ca and Vit D -happens in older woman, more than men |
| Wolff's Law | -bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it -bone anatomy reflects everyday stresses -concerned with thickness and shape of a bone being dependent |
| Vetebral column | Cervical-7 (includes atlas and axis) Thoracic-12 (attach to ribs) Lumbar-5 (bears most weight-sacral and coccyx included) |
| sutures | unite all bones of the skull, making thje, immovable -exception for the mandible |
| implications of chest compression during CPR | -correct positioning between the nipples -placement to low can cause the xiphoid process to be broken |
| Cruciate ligaments | -knee joint -aide in preventing hyperextension -protect alignment of femoral and tibial condyles -limit movement of the femur anteriority and posteriorly |
| Flexion | bowing of the head |
| hyperextension | bending of head back until it hurts |
| abduction vs. adduction | moving toward midline vs. away from the midline -ex: jumping jacks |
| arthritis | joint inflammation or degeneration accompanied by stiffness, pain, and swelling |
| buritis | inflammation of the bursa due to repeated pressure and friction on the knee |
| gout | flare-up presents with severe pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints -1st treat the acute attack of swelling and pain, then treat the principal problem of the high levels or uric acid -steroids given, colchicine, corticosteriods |
| the 4 cranial sutures | -Coronal -Sagittal -Squamous -Lambdoid |
| canaliculi | provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone |
| bursae | -connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane -cushions from friction |
| osteocyte vs. osteoblast | -matrix secretions surrounding an osteoblast bare referred to as an osteocyte -osteoblasts are the cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones -epiphyseal plate concerning age |
| classification of joints | synarthroses-immovable joints amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints diarthroses-freely movable joints |
| What are the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue | -excitability-ability to receive and respond to stimuli -contractility-ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated -extensibility-ability to be stretched -elasticity-ability to recoil to resting length |
| layers of the sheath from external to internal | -epimysium-dense irregular -perimysium-fibrous connective -endomysium-areolar connective |
| A-bands | -darker regions -H zone-lighter region -M line- line of protein that bisects H zone vertically |
| myofibrils | densely packed, rodlike elements -single muscle fiber -accounts for 80% of muscle cell volume -has striations, sacromeres, myofilaments, and molecular composition |
| actin | thin filaments -extends across I band and partway in A band -anchored to Z discs |
| direct skeletal attachment | epimysium fused to periosteum of bone or perichondrium of cartilage |
| indirect skeletal attachment | connective tissue wrapping extend beyond muscle -ropelike tendon -sheetlike aponeurosis |
| fascicle arrangements | -circular-concentric rings -convergent-converge toward a single tendon of insertion -parallel-long axis of fascicle, runs parallel to the long axis of the muscle -pennate-short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle |
| lever | rigid bar moving on a fixed point called the fulcrum when the applied force is applied |
| power lever | mechanical advantage; relatively little effort applied is required to move a large load |
| speed lever | mechanical disadvantage; large effort is required to move a small load |
| Classes of levers | -1st class;effort applied at 1 end and the load at the other end -2nd class; effort applied at 1 end, the fulcrum at the other end, and load in between -3rd class; effort applied between the load and the fulcrum and provide rapid extensive movements |
| external intercostals What is the action, origin, and insertion? | action: elevate ribs origin: inferior border of upper rib insertion: superior border of rib below |
| internal intercostasl What is the action, origin, and insertion? | action: compresses and depresses rib cage origin: superior border of rib below insertion: inferior border of upper rib |
| diaphragm What is the action, origin, and insertion? | action: flattens during inspiration origin: internal surface of rib cage and sternum, lower costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae insertion: central tendon |
| wave temporal summation | results if 2 stimuli are received by a muscle rapid succession -muscle don't have time to completely relax between stimuli |
| if stimuli frequency increases | muscle tension reaches near maximum -produces smooth, continuous contractions -further increase in stimulus frequency causes muscle to progress to sustained |
| fused complete tetanus | contractions fuse into one smooth sustained contraction plateau |
| Types of stimulus involved in recruitment | -subthreshold stimulus: not strong enough, so no contractions seen -threshold: stimulus is strong enough to cause first observable contraction -maximal stimulus: strongest stimulus that increases max contractile force |
| Prime mover (agonist) | major responsibility for producing specific movement -synergist helps and adds extra force to same movement |
| antagonist | opposes or reverses particular movement |
| fixators | type of synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle's origin rather than enhancing movement of prime movers |
| paranasal sinuses | -frontal sinus -maxillary sinus |
| lacrimal bone | -groove that forms part of lacrimal fossa -soft tissues of the lacrimal sac -drain tears from the eye into the nasal passage |
| What 2 bones carry most of the body's weight? | talus and calcaneus |
| largest and strongest bone in the body | femur |
| surgical neck of the humerus | -most common site for injury -located distal to the anatomical neck |
| foot action | inversion and eversion only pertains to the feet -pointing of the toe-plantar flexion |
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