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A & P 1/Exam 4
Chapters 11-15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The all or none phenomenon, as applied to nerve conduction, states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction | False, it does not cause the amplitude of an action potential to increase |
| The central nervous system consists of the brain, the spinal cord, the cranial nerves, and the peripheral nerves | False |
| The electrochemical gradient has 2 components: concentration gradient and electrical gradient | True |
| The strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase | False, does not cause the amplitude |
| The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane | True |
| The peripheral nervous system is divided into afferent and efferent divisions | True |
| Retrograde movement is the movement away from the cell body | False, towards the cell body |
| Neurotransmitter effects are terminated by reuptake through transport proteins only | False |
| Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes. | True |
| A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane | True |
| A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons | True |
| Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine | True |
| During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's nmembrane becomes less negative | True |
| Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system | True |
| The somatic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that conducts im pulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles. | True |
| Microglial cells becoome macrophages to phagocytize the microbes and neuronal debris which proves vital because cells of the immune system are denied access to the CNS. | True |
| Synaptic delay reflects the time needed for neurotransmitter release, diffusion across the synaptic cleft, and binding to receptors. | True |
| The importance of a stimulus is derived from the number of stimuli received from the same source. The frequency of impulse transmission shows the stimulus intensity, and the brain responds appropriately. | True |
| Short-distance depolarization describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential. | True |
| If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about the midpoint along the length of the axon, the impulse would spread bidirectionally. | True |
| Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness that usually reflects inadequate blood delivery to the brain | True |
| Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain | True |
| Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains | True |
| REM sleep begins about 90 minutes after sleep begins | True |
| The 3 basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortex of gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi | False |
| Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord | True |
| The blood brain barrier is the protective mechanism that helps maintain the brain's stable environment | True |
| The adult spinal cord ends between the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae of the vertebral column | True |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space | True |
| The reticular activating system (RAS) is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system | False |
| Short term memory has a limitless storage capacity | False |
| The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate | True |
| In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic | True |
| The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective (feelings) brain | True |
| The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen | False |
| Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon | False |
| A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei | True |
| Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres | False |
| Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over (decussate) from one side of the body to the other | True |
| The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space | True |
| One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing | True |
| Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus | False |
| Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain | True |
| Passing through the N R E M stages (1 through 4), the frequency of the E E G waves declines, but their amplitude increases | True |
| Neural plasticity is the ability of the brain to change its function by changing its structure | True |
| Tactile sensation combines touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration primarily due to mechanoreceptors | True |
| Thermoreceptors, also known as exteroceptors, respond to changes in room temperature and are found in the skin | True |
| Lamellar corpuscles can only be exteroceptors or proprioceptors | False |
| A person has made an appointment to receive deep tissue therapeutic massage. The massage stimulates the lamellae corpuscles | True |
| A patient has lost the ability to taste food, his facial nerves may be damaged | True |
| Photoreceptors respond to chemicals in a solution (molecules smelled or tasted), or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry | False |
| Drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are potential symptoms of damages to the olfactory nerve | False |
| Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron for synergistic muscles in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond | False |
| If someone spills very hot coffee on their skin, they will likely be in much pain caused by nociceptors | True |
| The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus | True |
| A mechanic who works with vibrating tools. He also exerts force on his wrists when twisting wrenches and screws. Bill has a tingling sensation in the lateral portion of his hand. The doctor suspects carpal tunnel syndrome. | True |
| Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups | True |
| Complicated interlacing of ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing of nerve fibers from spinal nerves is advantageous bcinjury to spinal nerve will be less damaging bc less chance of total innervation loss to any region | True |
| Dorsal and ventral rami are similiar in containing sensory and motor fibers | True |
| The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and blood vessels | True |
| A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors which could be due to damage to vagus nerve (X) | False |
| The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of nerual fibers | True |
| An emergency med tech examines a trauma victim by shining a light into her eyes. She records the reactivity of the patient's pupils as they constrict when stimulated by light. This test supports the function of the oculomotor nerve. | True |
| Proprioceptors are responsible for human's ability to touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closes, part bc we can sense the position and movement of our joints and length of stretch. The sensation create awareness of our body's positioning | True |
| The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are separate systems that work independently and lack functional overlap | False |
| Automoic ganglia are motor ganglia containing the cell bodies of motor neurons | True |
| Autonomic ganglia are sites of synapse and info transmission from preganglionic to postganglionic neurons | True |
| All somatic motor neurons release ach, all preganglioic neurons of the ANS, and the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve axons | True |
| The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the active division and the affected target. | True |
| Most autonomic nervous system disorders reflect smooth muscle control abnormalities | True |
| The effect of beta-blocker drugs (block beta-receptors) is to increase blood pressure. | False, lower bp |
| Because many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic axons, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic, meaning contraction is strongest when both divisions act together. | False |
| Nicotine stimulates sympathetic effects and causes blood pressure to rise. | True |
| The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves contain postganglionic axons of the parasympathetic nervous system | False, preganglionic |
| Cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), and IX (glossopharyngeal) supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic axons lie within these three pairs of cranial nerves. | True |
| The parasympathetic division innervates more organs than the sympathetic division | False-sympathetic division innervates more |
| Most splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus | False |
| The gray rami communicates eliminated postganglionic fibers | False-preganglionic |
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS have the same effect on most body organ systems | False-parasympathetic promotes maintenance and conserves energy |
| The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS | False |
| The parasympathetic nervous division mediates thermoregulatory responses to increase heat | False, sympathetic |
| Somatic and visceral reflex arcs are similiar, but visceral reflex arcs lack afferent fibers | False-they both contain afferent fibers |
| All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic | False-pelvic splanchnic are parasympathetic |
| Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone | True |
| Vitamin A deficiency leads to rod degeneration | True |
| The bending of light rays is called reflection | False- Refraction |
| The optic discs forms a blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball | True |
| The mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and is reflected over the anterior surface of the eyeball is the conjunctiva | True |
| The anterior chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor | False-aqueous |
| Precision of eye movement is due to the fact that extrinsic eye muscle motor units typically innervate 8 to 12 muscle cells and in some cases as few as 2 or 3 muscle cells | True |
| The neural layer of the retina prevents excessive scattering of light within the eye | False |
| Light passes through the entire thickness of the neural layer of the retina to excite the photoreceptors | True |
| The function of the lens of the eye is to allow precise focusing of light on the retina | True |
| The sensation of a single, distinct smell is a combination of a variety of chemicals that stimulate different combinations of olfactory receptor cells all at once making it possible to distinguish many smells | True |
| Complete adaptation of the gustatory receptors occurs in about 1 to 5 minutes | True |
| Taste buds are found in filiform papillae | False |
| Sour taste receptors are stimulated by hydrogen ions of acidic food substances | True |
| Odorants must be volatile to be smelled | True |
| The quality of a sound is based on the atmospheric pressure at the time the sound is generated | False |
| Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by bone conduction with a hearing aid | True |
| Without a functioning crista ampullaris, the semicircular canals would not function. | True |
| Sound is generally perceived in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex | False |
| In order for sound to reach the spiral organ of Corti, the auditory ossicles must vibrate the oval window and set the endolymph in motion. | True |
| The structure that allows equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with the atmospheric pressure is the external auditory meatus | False |
| The fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth is called perilymph. | False |
| Ciliary muscle is considered to be voluntary, skeletal muscle | False |
| Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to bend the light less. | False |
| When we move from darkness to bright light, retinal sensitivity is lost, but visual acuity is gained. | True |
| The cristae ampullaris is the receptor for rotational acceleration. | True |
| Dynamic equilibrium involves the receptors in the semicircular canals and monitors changes in head rotation. | True |
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