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Unit 1-Chapter 1
Anatomy and Physiology
| Questions | Answer |
|---|---|
| What factors probably stimulated an early interest in the human body? | to understand the causes of various injuries, illnesses, and the loss of function of body parts, and trying to treat these conditions |
| What types of activities helped promote the development of modern medical science? | dissection of cadavers, the production of prosthetic body parts, experimentation to improve medical knowledge and techniques, and the discovery of certain chemicals in nature as treatments for specific conditions |
| what is the scientific method? | an approach to investigating the natural world |
| What is the role of a hypothesis in the scientific method? | The hypothesis is the idea or proposition being evaluated, or tested. It is formulated based on observations, and tested through experiments. |
| What are the differences between anatomy and physiology? | Anatomy: The study of the structure/morphology of the human body and its parts Physiology: The study of the functions of the human body and its parts |
| Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology? | Structure is closely related to function; body parts are shaped and arranged (anatomy) in such a way that they are able to perform their functions (physiology) |
| Examples that illustrate how the structure of a body part makes possible its function. | -human hand/joints for grasping -heart contracts blood into vessels -mouth enables to eat food -ears allow sound waves |
| How are anatomy and physiology both old and new fields? | fields of anatomy and physiology are ancient, but new discoveries continue in both, especially at the molecular level |
| Examples of variation in the human body. | variations in height, hair texture, skin color, resting heart rate, branching of blood vessels, size and shape of muscles, absence of a muscle, presence of an extra bone |
| How does the human body illustrate levels of organization? | The heart is composed of tissues, such as muscle tissue and connective tissue. Tissues consist of layers of cells, such as muscle cells and nerve cells. Cells are composed of organelles, which consist of molecules, and finally atoms |
| What is an organism? | Humans, as complex organisms, are composed of organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules and atoms |
| How do body parts at different levels of organization vary in complexity? | the higher the level of organization a structure is part of, the more complex it is. an organ system is more complex than any of its organs |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Growth: Increase cells, size, body size Reproduction: new cells and organisms Responsiveness: Reaction to a change inside or outside the body Movement: Change in body position; motion of internal organs Metabolism: Energy and nutrient cycling |
| What is Metabolism? | Respiration : Acquiring energy, taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide Digestion: Breaking down food into nutrients for absorption into the blood Circulation: Moving chemicals and cells through the body fluids Excretion: Removing waste products |
| How are cells interdependent on each other? | Cells are specialized to make unique contributions to maintaining homeostasis. They work together as tissues, which form organs, which in turn form organ systems. |
| How is balance related to the internal environment? | For the internal environment to be maintained constant, input must be balanced by output. |
| What is the function of metabolism in the body? | Metabolism includes all of the physiological events that obtain, release, and use energy. It includes all of the chemical reactions that occur in cells to support life. |
| Which requirements of organisms does the external environment provide? | Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure |
| What is the function of pressure in the body? | • Atmospheric pressure – important for breathing • Hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing |
| Why is homeostasis so important to survival? | Survival of the human organism depends on the survival of its cells. Homeostasis maintains the internal environment, in which those cells live. |
| Describe three homeostatic mechanisms. | • Receptor: detects , provides info about the stimuli • Control Center: decision-maker that maintains the set point as body temp • Effector: muscle/gland that responds to the control center, and causes change in the internal environment |
| What are the viscera? | The organs within Thoracic cavity & Abdominopelvic cavity |
| Which organs occupy the thoracic cavity? | Thoracic cavity: houses heart and lungs and thoracic viscera |
| The abdominal cavity? | Abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal and pelvic viscera include the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and part large intestines |
| The pelvic cavity? | enclosed by pelvic bones, and contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs |
| Name the cavities of the head. | Cranial cavity Small cavities found in the head: • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Orbital cavities • Tympanic cavities |
| Describe the membranes associated with the thoracic cavity. | The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by double-layered serous membranes, which secrete serous fluid (slippery fluid that prevents friction between layers) |
| Distinguish between the parietal and visceral peritoneum. | parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity, and a visceral peritoneum covers most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Negative Feedback | controls body temperature, blood pressure, and glucose level in the blood |
| Positive Feedback | Blood clotting and the uterine contractions of childbirth |
| Human body consists of 2 main portions | • Axial portion: head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular portion: upper and lower limbs |
| Major body cavities of the axial portion | • Cranial cavity: houses brain • Vertebral canal (spinal cavity): contains spinal cord • Thoracic cavity: houses lungs and thoracic viscera • Abdominopelvic cavity: contains abdominal and pelvic viscera |
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