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Cardiovascular System
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CardiovascularSystem
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular System | The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate oxy-gen-rich blood throughout the body. |
| Heart | Pumps blood throughout the body. |
| Blood vessels | Tubes that carry blood throughout the body. |
| Blood | Liquid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste. |
| Apex | The lowest part of the exterior of the heart. |
| pericardium | A thin, protective sac that surrounds the heart. |
| pericardial cavity | The space between the pericardium and the epicardium. |
| epicardium | A serous (thin, watery) layer that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. |
| myocardium | A layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle of the heart. |
| endocardium | The innermost layer that lines the four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and covers the valves of the heart. |
| septum | Divides the organ into the right heart and the left heart, effectively creating a double pump. |
| atrioventricular (AV) valves | Located between the atrial and ventricular chambers in the right and left sides of the heart. |
| tricuspid valve | The right AV valve; has three flaps |
| tri- | Three |
| bicuspid (mitral) valve | The left AV valve; has two flaps |
| semilunar valves | Situated in the aorta and the other in the pulmonary artery. |
| pulmonary semilunar valve (or pulmonary valve) | Allows blood to flow from the heart to the lungs and prevents blood from flowing backward. |
| aortic semilunar valve (or aortic valve) | Allows blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body and prevents blood from flowing backward. |
| auscultation | Using a stethoscope to listen to the heart. |
| Circulation | The heart, valves, and lungs are all involved in cardiovascular circulation. |
| cardiopulmonary | The term for the functional interrelationship between the heart and the lungs |
| pulmonary circulation | Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart. |
| right atrium | Upper right heart chamber that receives blood. |
| superior vena cava | Vein that brings blood from upper body to right atrium. |
| inferior vena cava | Vein that brings blood from lower body to right atrium. |
| right ventricle | Lower right heart chamber that pumps blood to lungs. |
| pulmonary trunk | Artery that carries blood from right ventricle to lungs. |
| pulmonary arteries | Arteries that carry blood from pulmonary trunk to lungs. |
| capillaries | Oxygen is delivered to the body's other tissues and cells. |
| systemic circulation | Pathway of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body and back to right atrium. |
| left atrium | Upper left heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood. |
| left ventricle | Lower left heart chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to body. |
| arteries | Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body. |
| arterioles | Arterioles are small arterial branches that lead to fine blood vessels. |
| venules | Tiny blood vessels that merge with the veins. |
| Veins | carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart. |
| superior vena cava | Receives blood from the head, chest, and upper extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium of the heart. |
| inferior vena cava | Receives blood from the abdominopelvic organs and the lower extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium. |
| Conduction | The cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously and continuously. These contractions occur through a process known as conduc-tion. Contractions occur due to the conduction of electrical current. |
| nodal system | Responsible for electrical current conduction in the heart. |
| sinoatrial (SA) node | The pacemaker of the heart. |
| atrioventricular (AV) node | Helps regulate heartbeat. |
| bundle of His | Carries electrical signals to ventricles. |
| bundle branches | Carries signals to left and right ventricles. |
| Purkinje fibers | Helps regulate heart muscle contraction. |
| systole | Contraction of the ventricles |
| diastole | relaxation of the ventricles |
| Blood pressure | The pressure exerted by the blood against the wall of an artery or vein. |
| Systolic pressure | A measurement of blood pressure while the heart ventricles are contracting. |
| Diastolic pressure | A measurement of blood pressure between heartbeats-that is, when the heart is "resting" between contractions. |
| sphygmomanometer | An instrument used to measure blood pressure. |
| aneurysm | Localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery. |
| angina | Condition characterized by severe, constricting pain or pressure in the chest; often referred to as angina pectoris. |
| arrhythmia | Irregular heartbeat |
| bradycardia | Slow heart rate. |
| fibrillation | Rapid, spontaneous contractions of the muscle fibers in the atria or ventricles; atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation. |
| flutter | Condition in which the atria beat more rapidly than the ventricles, causing a quivering movement; atrial flutter. |
| premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | Extra, abnormal heartbeats that disrupt the regular ventricular rhythm of the heart. |
| tachycardia | Fast heart rate. |
| arteriosclerosis | Condition of thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls. |
| atherosclerosis | Condition of plaque buildup in the arteries. |
| cardiac tamponade | Pathological condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pericardium. |
| cardiomyopathy | Condition of diseased heart muscle. |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | Disease resulting from reduced blood flow from the heart; characterized by weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, and edema in the lower extremities. |
| Normal coronary artery | Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. |
| Atherosclerosis | Plaque buildup narrows the lumen (cavity) of the artery |
| Atherosclerosis increasing | Plaque increasing |
| Atherosclerosis with blood clot | Artery occluded. Myocardial infarction occurs. |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | Narrowing of the coronary arteries, resulting in an insufficient blood supply to the heart. |
| cyanosis | Bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin, caused by decreased circulation of oxygen-rich blood. |
| embolus | Mass of solid, liquid, or gas that travels through the bloodstream, causing occlusion (obstruction) of a blood vessel. |
| endocarditis | Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart muscle. |
| heart murmur | Abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart, such as a whooshing sound created by a valve not completely closing. Most heart murmurs are harmless. |
| hypertension | Condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure. |
| hypotension | Condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure. |
| mitral valve prolapse | Condition in which the mitral valve between the left atrium (left upper chamber) and the left ventricle (left lower chamber) doesn't close properly; may cause blood leakage back into the left atrium. |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | Tissue death in the heart muscle resulting from an occluded (obstructed) coronary artery; heart attack. |
| myocarditis | Inflammation of the myocardium (muscular layer of the heart). |
| pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium (sac surrounding the heart). |
| peripheral artery disease (PAD) | Disease in which narrowing of the arteries results in decreased blood flow to the extremities, causing intermittent calf pain, called claudication during walking or exercise. |
| shock | Clinical syndrome in which peripheral blood flow is insufficient to return blood to the heart for normal function. Shock is initially characterized by agitation; anxiety or restlessness;. |
| thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein caused by the formation of a thrombus (clot). |
| thrombus | A blood clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel and stays attached to the site in which it developed |
| varicose veins | Enlarged, twisted, superficial veins, most commonly seen in the lower extremities. |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | A congenital heart disease that affects some 5 of every 10,000 infants. |
| A large ventricular septal defect (VSD) | A hole in the septum, causing oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood. |
| Pulmonary stenosis | Narrowing of the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary artery, causing insufficient blood flow to the lungs. |
| Right ventricular hypertrophy | Enlargement of the muscle of the right ventricle, due to increased pressure from pumping blood to the lungs. |
| An overriding aorta | A displaced aorta. |
| angiogram | A radiograph test that uses a contrast agent (dye) and a camera to take pictures of the blood flow in arteries or veins. |
| auscultation | Process of listening to the internal sounds of the body using a stethoscope. |
| blood pressure (BP) | The pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of an artery or vein. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer. |
| cardiac catheterization | Passage of a tiny plastic tube into the heart through a blood vessel, usually through the femoral artery in the leg; used to diagnose heart diseases or abnormalities. |
| Doppler sonography, Doppler ultrasound | Procedure in which blood flow and blood pressure are measured using ultrasound technology. |
| echocardiogram/ multigated acquisition | A noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures. |
| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | A record of the electrical activity of the heart. |
| Holter monitor | A machine that continuously records cardiac rhythms. |
| nuclear ventriculography | Noninvasive procedure in which a radioactive substance called a tracer is injected into a patient to produce images of the left or right ventricle of the heart. |
| positron emission tomography (PET scan) | An imaging test that uses a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease or poor blood flow in the heart. helpful for diagnosing heart damage or Scar tissue. |
| pulse | The rhythmic throbbing generated by contractions of the heart; detected over the major arteries of the body. |
| stress test | A procedure that tests how efficiently the heart pumps blood |
| exercise stress test | Method of evaluating a patient's cardiovascular fitness during exercise, usually on a treadmill. |
| nuclear thallium stress test | Procedure in which a radioactive substance is injected into a vein near the end of a stress test to aid in identifying the sizes of the heart chambers, how well the heart is pumping blood, and whether the heart has any damaged or dead tissue. |
| cardioversion | Procedure in which controlled electrical shocks are sent through the heart to restore normal cardiac rhythm in a patient with arrhythmia. |
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | A shunt (passageway), established surgically, that allows blood to travel from the aorta to a branch of the coronary artery at a point beyond an obstruction |
| defibrillation | Procedure used to stop atrial or ventricular fibrillation. |
| endarterectomy | A surgical procedure in which plaque is removed from the lining of an artery. |
| heart transplantation | The grafting of a living heart to a patient, from a donor who was clinically brain-dead but on life support. |
| pacemaker | An electrical device that is implanted in the chest or abdomen to control abnormal cardiac rhythms through a series of electrical discharges. |
| Vein graft | vein removed from the leg) is stitched to the aorta and coronary artery. |
| Internal mammary artery graft | artery relocated from chest wall. |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | A minimally invasive procedure for opening up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle |
| angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitor | making angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict (narrow). |
| antianginal | Medication used to prevent or alleviate angina (spasmodic chest pain). |
| antiarrhythmic | An agent used to alleviate or prevent cardiac arrhythmia. |
| anticoagulant | An agent used to prevent the formation of blood clots. |
| antihypertensive | Medication used to counteract high blood pressure. |
| beta blocker | A drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and heart rhythm disorders, as well as migraines, panic attacks, and tremors. |
| calcium channel blocker | A drug used to dilate (widen) arteries and reduce blood pressure, making it easier for the heart to pump blood. |
| diuretic | Medication that helps reduce excess water in the body. |
| hypolipidemic | Medication used to reduce lipid concentrations in the blood serum (blood plasma without clotting factors). |
| thrombolytic | Medications that help dissolve blood clots. |
| vasoconstrictor | An agent that constricts (narrows) blood vessels, increasing blood pressure. |
| AV | atrioventricular |
| BP | blood pressure |
| bpm | beats per minute |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| CHF | congestive heart failure |
| CV | cardiovascular |
| ECG, EKG | electrocardiogram |
| HTN | hypertension |
| ICD | implantable cardioverter defibrillator |
| LAD | left anterior descending |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| mmHg | millimeters of mercury a measure of blood pressure) |
| MUGA | echocardiogram/ multigated acquisition |
| PAD | peripheral artery disease |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty |
| PVCs | premature ventricular contractions |
| SA | sinoatrial |
| VSD | ventricular septal defect |
| lungs | Organs that bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide through breathing. |
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