Vocabulary
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| Cardiovascular System | The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate oxy-gen-rich blood throughout the body.
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| Heart | Pumps blood throughout the body.
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| Blood vessels | Tubes that carry blood throughout the body.
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| Blood | Liquid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
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| Apex | The lowest part of the exterior of the heart.
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| pericardium | A thin, protective sac that surrounds the heart.
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| pericardial cavity | The space between the pericardium and the epicardium.
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| epicardium | A serous (thin, watery) layer that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart.
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| myocardium | A layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle of the heart.
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| endocardium | The innermost layer that lines the four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) and covers the valves of the heart.
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| septum | Divides the organ into the right heart and the left heart, effectively creating a double pump.
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| atrioventricular (AV) valves | Located between the atrial and ventricular chambers in the right and left sides of the heart.
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| tricuspid valve | The right AV valve; has three flaps
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| tri- | Three
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| bicuspid (mitral) valve | The left AV valve; has two flaps
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| semilunar valves | Situated in the aorta and the other in the pulmonary artery.
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| pulmonary semilunar valve (or pulmonary valve) | Allows blood to flow from the heart to the lungs and prevents blood from flowing backward.
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| aortic semilunar valve (or aortic valve) | Allows blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body and prevents blood from flowing backward.
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| auscultation | Using a stethoscope to listen to the heart.
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| Circulation | The heart, valves, and lungs are all involved in cardiovascular circulation.
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| cardiopulmonary | The term for the functional interrelationship between the heart and the lungs
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| pulmonary circulation | Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart.
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| right atrium | Upper right heart chamber that receives blood.
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| superior vena cava | Vein that brings blood from upper body to right atrium.
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| inferior vena cava | Vein that brings blood from lower body to right atrium.
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| right ventricle | Lower right heart chamber that pumps blood to lungs.
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| pulmonary trunk | Artery that carries blood from right ventricle to lungs.
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| pulmonary arteries | Arteries that carry blood from pulmonary trunk to lungs.
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| capillaries | Oxygen is delivered to the body's other tissues and cells.
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| systemic circulation | Pathway of oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body and back to right atrium.
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| left atrium | Upper left heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood.
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| left ventricle | Lower left heart chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to body.
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| arteries | Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body.
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| arterioles | Arterioles are small arterial branches that lead to fine blood vessels.
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| venules | Tiny blood vessels that merge with the veins.
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| Veins | carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart.
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| superior vena cava | Receives blood from the head, chest, and upper extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium of the heart.
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| inferior vena cava | Receives blood from the abdominopelvic organs and the lower extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium.
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| Conduction | The cardiac muscle contracts spontaneously and continuously. These contractions occur through a process known as conduc-tion. Contractions occur due to the conduction of electrical current.
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| nodal system | Responsible for electrical current conduction in the heart.
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| sinoatrial (SA) node | The pacemaker of the heart.
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| atrioventricular (AV) node | Helps regulate heartbeat.
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| bundle of His | Carries electrical signals to ventricles.
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| bundle branches | Carries signals to left and right ventricles.
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| Purkinje fibers | Helps regulate heart muscle contraction.
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| systole | Contraction of the ventricles
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| diastole | relaxation of the ventricles
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| Blood pressure | The pressure exerted by the blood against the wall of an artery or vein.
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| Systolic pressure | A measurement of blood pressure while the heart ventricles are contracting.
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| Diastolic pressure | A measurement of blood pressure between heartbeats-that is, when the heart is "resting" between contractions.
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| sphygmomanometer | An instrument used to measure blood pressure.
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| aneurysm | Localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery.
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| angina | Condition characterized by severe, constricting pain or pressure in the chest; often referred to as angina pectoris.
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| arrhythmia | Irregular heartbeat
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| bradycardia | Slow heart rate.
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| fibrillation | Rapid, spontaneous contractions of the muscle fibers in the atria or ventricles; atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation.
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| flutter | Condition in which the atria beat more rapidly than the ventricles, causing a quivering movement; atrial flutter.
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| premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | Extra, abnormal heartbeats that disrupt the regular ventricular rhythm of the heart.
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| tachycardia | Fast heart rate.
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| arteriosclerosis | Condition of thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls.
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| atherosclerosis | Condition of plaque buildup in the arteries.
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| cardiac tamponade | Pathological condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pericardium.
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| cardiomyopathy | Condition of diseased heart muscle.
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) | Disease resulting from reduced blood flow from the heart; characterized by weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, and edema in the lower extremities.
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| Normal coronary artery | Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.
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| Atherosclerosis | Plaque buildup narrows the lumen (cavity) of the artery
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| Atherosclerosis increasing | Plaque increasing
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| Atherosclerosis with blood clot | Artery occluded. Myocardial infarction occurs.
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| coronary artery disease (CAD) | Narrowing of the coronary arteries, resulting in an insufficient blood supply to the heart.
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| cyanosis | Bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin, caused by decreased circulation of oxygen-rich blood.
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| embolus | Mass of solid, liquid, or gas that travels through the bloodstream, causing occlusion (obstruction) of a blood vessel.
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| endocarditis | Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart muscle.
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| heart murmur | Abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart, such as a whooshing sound created by a valve not completely closing. Most heart murmurs are harmless.
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| hypertension | Condition of higher-than-normal blood pressure.
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| hypotension | Condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure.
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| mitral valve prolapse | Condition in which the mitral valve between the left atrium (left upper chamber) and the left ventricle (left lower chamber) doesn't close properly; may cause blood leakage back into the left atrium.
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| myocardial infarction (MI) | Tissue death in the heart muscle resulting from an occluded (obstructed) coronary artery; heart attack.
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| myocarditis | Inflammation of the myocardium (muscular layer of the heart).
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| pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium (sac surrounding the heart).
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| peripheral artery disease (PAD) | Disease in which narrowing of the arteries results in decreased blood flow to the extremities, causing intermittent calf pain, called claudication during walking or exercise.
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| shock | Clinical syndrome in which peripheral blood flow is insufficient to return blood to the heart for normal function. Shock is initially characterized by agitation; anxiety or restlessness;.
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| thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein caused by the formation of a thrombus (clot).
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| thrombus | A blood clot that forms on the wall of a blood vessel and stays attached to the site in which it developed
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| varicose veins | Enlarged, twisted, superficial veins, most commonly seen in the lower extremities.
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| Tetralogy of Fallot | A congenital heart disease that affects some 5 of every 10,000 infants.
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| A large ventricular septal defect (VSD) | A hole in the septum, causing oxygen-rich blood to mix with oxygen-poor blood.
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| Pulmonary stenosis | Narrowing of the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary artery, causing insufficient blood flow to the lungs.
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| Right ventricular hypertrophy | Enlargement of the muscle of the right ventricle, due to increased pressure from pumping blood to the lungs.
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| An overriding aorta | A displaced aorta.
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| angiogram | A radiograph test that uses a contrast agent (dye) and a camera to take pictures of the blood flow in arteries or veins.
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| auscultation | Process of listening to the internal sounds of the body using a stethoscope.
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| blood pressure (BP) | The pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of an artery or vein.
Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer.
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| cardiac catheterization | Passage of a tiny plastic tube into the heart through a blood vessel, usually through the femoral artery in the leg; used to diagnose heart diseases or abnormalities.
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| Doppler sonography, Doppler ultrasound | Procedure in which blood flow and blood pressure are measured using ultrasound technology.
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| echocardiogram/ multigated acquisition | A noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures.
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| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | A record of the electrical activity of the heart.
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| Holter monitor | A machine that continuously records cardiac rhythms.
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| nuclear ventriculography | Noninvasive procedure in which a radioactive substance called a tracer is injected into a patient to produce images of the left or right ventricle of the heart.
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| positron emission tomography (PET scan) | An imaging test that uses a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease or poor blood flow in the heart. helpful for diagnosing heart damage or Scar tissue.
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| pulse | The rhythmic throbbing generated by contractions of the heart; detected over the major arteries of the body.
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| stress test | A procedure that tests how efficiently the heart pumps blood
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| exercise stress test | Method of evaluating a patient's cardiovascular fitness during exercise, usually on a treadmill.
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| nuclear thallium stress test | Procedure in which a radioactive substance is injected into a vein near the end of a stress test to aid in identifying the sizes of the heart chambers, how well the heart is pumping blood, and whether the heart has any damaged or dead tissue.
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| cardioversion | Procedure in which controlled electrical shocks are sent through the heart to restore normal cardiac rhythm in a patient with arrhythmia.
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| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | A shunt (passageway), established surgically, that allows blood to travel from the aorta to a branch of the coronary artery at a point beyond an obstruction
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| defibrillation | Procedure used to stop atrial or ventricular fibrillation.
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| endarterectomy | A surgical procedure in which plaque is removed from the lining of an artery.
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| heart transplantation | The grafting of a living heart to a patient, from a donor who was clinically brain-dead but on life support.
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| pacemaker | An electrical device that is implanted in the chest or abdomen to control abnormal cardiac rhythms through a series of electrical discharges.
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| Vein graft | vein removed from the leg) is stitched to the aorta and coronary artery.
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| Internal mammary artery graft | artery relocated from chest wall.
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| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | A minimally invasive procedure for opening up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle
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| angiotensin-converting (ACE) inhibitor | making angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict (narrow).
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| antianginal | Medication used to prevent or alleviate angina (spasmodic chest pain).
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| antiarrhythmic | An agent used to alleviate or prevent cardiac arrhythmia.
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| anticoagulant | An agent used to prevent the formation of blood clots.
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| antihypertensive | Medication used to counteract high blood pressure.
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| beta blocker | A drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and heart rhythm disorders, as well as migraines, panic attacks, and tremors.
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| calcium channel blocker | A drug used to dilate (widen) arteries and reduce blood pressure, making it easier for the heart to pump blood.
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| diuretic | Medication that helps reduce excess water in the body.
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| hypolipidemic | Medication used to reduce lipid concentrations in the blood serum (blood plasma without clotting factors).
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| thrombolytic | Medications that help dissolve blood clots.
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| vasoconstrictor | An agent that constricts (narrows) blood vessels, increasing blood pressure.
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| AV | atrioventricular
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| BP | blood pressure
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| bpm | beats per minute
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| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft
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| CAD | coronary artery disease
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| CHF | congestive heart failure
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| CV | cardiovascular
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| ECG, EKG | electrocardiogram
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| HTN | hypertension
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| ICD | implantable cardioverter defibrillator
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| LAD | left anterior descending
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| MI | myocardial infarction
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| mmHg | millimeters of mercury a measure of blood pressure)
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| MUGA | echocardiogram/ multigated acquisition
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| PAD | peripheral artery disease
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| PET | positron emission tomography
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| PTCA | percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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| PVCs | premature ventricular contractions
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| SA | sinoatrial
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| VSD | ventricular septal defect
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| lungs | Organs that bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide through breathing.
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