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Blood inside blood vessels, interetitial fluid around body cells, and lymph inside lymph vessels constitute one's what?
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To obtain nutirents and remove wastes, cells must be serviced by what?
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Chapter 14 Blood
Holes 12th ed.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood inside blood vessels, interetitial fluid around body cells, and lymph inside lymph vessels constitute one's what? | Internal Enviornment |
| To obtain nutirents and remove wastes, cells must be serviced by what? | Interstitial Fluid and Blood. |
| Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements and what type of tissue? | Connective Tissue |
| What type of fluid bathes body cells? | Intersititial Fluid. |
| Branch of science concened with the study of blood-forming tissue, and disorders associated with them is called? | Hematology |
| What are the functions of blood? | Transports oxygen, carbon dioxidem nutrients, heat, wasted and hormones. Helps regulate Ph, body tempature, and water content of cells. Prevents Blood loss through clotting and combats toxins and through luekocytes and plasma proteins. |
| What are the physical characteristic of blood? | Visocosity greater than water, Temp 38C and PH of 7.35 to 7.45. *% of body wieght. 4 to 6 liters in the body. |
| Blood consists of what % of plasma? | 55% |
| Blood consists of what % of formed elements? | 45% |
| Plasma consists of what precent of plasma and what percent of formed elements? | 91.5% Water and 8.5% Elements |
| Principle solutes include what proteins? | Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen |
| The formed elements in blood consists of what? | Erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes |
| The precentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC is called the what? | Hematocrit |
| A significant drop in hematocrit indicates what? | anemia |
| THere are several means for athletes to increase their what? | hematocrit |
| When athletes increase thier hematocrit it is called what? | polycytemia |
| Induced polycytemia means what? | To increase the oxygen carrying blood capacity before athletic event |
| Blood cells are formed from what? | Pluripotent stem cells |
| What type of cells orginate from pluripotent stem cells? | Myeloid Stem Cells & Lymphoid Stem Cells |
| What cells give rise to RBC's, platlets and all WBC's except for lymphocytes? | Myeloid Stem Cells |
| Cells that give rise to lymphocytes? | Lymphoid Stem Cells |
| Which cells differentiate into progenitor cells or precursor cells (blasts cells which will develop into the actual progenitor cells or precursor cells. These turn into the formed elemets of blood? | Myeloid Stem Cells |
| Which cells that differentiate into pre-B and prothymocytes which develop into V-lymphocytes and T0Lymphocytes respectively? | Lymphoid Stem Cells |
| The process of hemopoiesis is stimulated by several what? | Hematopoietic Growth Factors |
| Name three hematopoietic growth factors? | Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin, Cytokins |
| This increases the number of RBC precursors? | Erythropoietin |
| This increases the number of platelet precursors? | Thrombopoietin |
| This increases the number of WBC? | Cytokins |
| Production of RBC's is called what? | Erythropoiesis |
| What is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis? | Hypoxia |
| What is the name of the diagonostic test that indicates the rate of erythropoiese and is useful in treating anemia? | Reticulocyte Count |
| What is the average reticulocyte Count? | .5-1.5% of all RBCs |
| RBC contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin and number about how many million cells/microliter of blood? | 5.4 million |
| Which cells are biconcave discs without nuclei? | RBC's |
| Hemoglobins means what? | protein=(globin) + heme (iron) |
| What is the function of the hemoglobin in RBCs is to what? | Transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide |
| What role does the hemoglobin play in blood pressure? | NO binds with hemoglobin, Hemoglobin can release NO, Release NO causes vasodilation which improves blood flow & enhances oxygen delivery to the area |
| The RBC lives for about how may day? | 120 |
| Why do RBC only live about 120 days? | Because of the wear and tear on their plasma membrances as they swueese through blood capillaries |
| In the RBC life cycle, fter phagocytosis of worn-out RBCs by macrophages what is recycled? | Hemoglobin |
| At the end of the RBC the iron in the heme portion reclaimed with the rest of the heme molecule the rest becomes the componenet of what? | Bile in the digestive Process |
| These are found in the kidney and liver to detect low blood oxygen? | Chemoreceptors |
| This is released from the kidney and liver into circulation? | Erythropoietin |
| This targets red bone marrow stimulated erythropoiesis? | Erythropoietin |
| White blood cells are called what? | Leukocytes |
| These cells are nucleated and do not contain hemogloblin? | Leukocytes |
| Two principle types of leukocytes are? | Granular and Agranular |
| List three types of granular cells? | neutrophil, eosinophils and basophils |
| Name two types of agranular cells? | Monocytes and Lymphocytes |
| What type of cell is this? Most abundant 54-62%, polymorphonucleocytes, phagocytes of foregin particles, increase in acute bacterial infections. | Neutrophils |
| What tyoe of cell is this? 1-3% total WBCs, kills parasites and are responsible for allergic reactions regulations, release histaminase during alergic reactions. Increase during parasitic infections (tapeworm & hook worm. | Eosinophils |
| What type of cell is this? <1% of total WBCs, release heparin which inhibits blood clotting, Release histamine, May leave blood stream and develop into mast cells. | Basophils |
| What type of cells is this? 3-9% of total WBCs, phagovutosis, largest white blood cell. 12-20 microns. In blood pahgocyte in tissue a macrophage. Increased during typoid fever, malaria and mononucleosis? | Monocyte |
| What type of cell is this? 25-33% of total WBCs, live for several months to years, produce antibodies that acts agains specific forgin substances. (immunity) Increased during TB, whooping caoughm viral infections, tissue rejection reactions and tumors. | Lymphocytes |
| What are the proteins of erythrocytes and leukocytes called? | Major Histocompatibility Antigens (MHC) |
| How long do WBCs usually live for? | A few hours or few days |
| Normal blood contains how many leukocytes? | 5,000-10,000 |
| This means and increase in the number of WBCs. | Leukocytosis |
| This refers to abnormally low number of WBCs. | Leukopenia |
| What is the general funcation of leukocytes? | To combat inflammation and infection. |
| WBC leave the bllod stream by? | Diapedesis |
| What is the chemical attratction of WBCs to a disease or injury site called? | Chemotaxis |
| To determine the precentage of each type of WBC in the blood assists in diagnosing a condition is called what? | Differential White Blood Cell Count |
| This stimulates myeloid stem cells to produce platelets? | Thrombopoietin |
| Myeloid Stem Cells develop into what? | Megakaryocyte-colony-forming cells |
| Megakaryocytes develop into what? | Megakaryoblasts |
| A fragment enclosed by a piece of cell membrane is called a what? | Thrombocyte |
| Normal Blood contains how many platelets? | 150,000-400,000 |
| How many days do platelets live? | 5-9 days |
| Dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages where? | Spleen and Liver |
| Platelets help stop loss from damdged vessels by forming a what? | Platelet Plug |
| This is a test that screens for anemia and various infections. Includes counts of RBC, WBCs and platelets. Also includes a hematocrit and differential WBC count. The amount of hemoglobin is also determined? | CBC (Complete Blood Count) |
| This is clear, yellow liquid, composed of proteins, nutrients, gases, electrolytes and many more substances. | Blood Plasma |
| Blood Plasma contains how much water? | 91.5% |
| This functions as a solvent, in transport, tempature regulations and serves as site of metabloic reactions? | Water |
| Blood plasma contains what precent of plasma proteins? | 7% |
| This is produced in the liver? | Plasma Proteins |
| Maintains osmotic pressure of cells and transports fatty acids? | Albumin |
| This produces antibodies? | Globulins |
| The aids in the blood clotting process? | Fibrinogen |
| These are plasma wastes? | Urea, uric acid, creatinie, creatine, billrubin |
| Name examples of plasma electrolytes? | Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulphate |
| This refers to the stoppage of bleeding? | Hemostasis |
| Hemostasis involves 3 process what are they? | Vascular Spasm,Platelet Plug Formation, blood clotting |
| During this process the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall contracts to sto bleeding. | Vascular Spasm |
| During this process clumping of platelets around the damage to stop the bleeding. | Platelet Plug Formation |
| What is a gel consisting of a network of insoluble protein fibers which the formed elements of blood are trapped. | Clot |
| Blood clotting cascade of reactions may be divided in what three stages? | Formation of Prothrombinase, conversion of prothrombin into thrombin, and conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insouluble. |
| The blood clotting cascade can be initiate by either? | Extrinsic Pathway or Intrinsic Pathway |
| Patients who are at risk of forming blood clots may receive an anticongulant drug such as? | Heprin & Warfarin |
| Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called what? | Thrombosis |
| A Clot bubble of air, fat from broken bones, or a piece of debris transported by the bloodstream that moves from its site of orgin is can an? | Embolus |
| What inhibits vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation thereby reducing the chance of thrombus formation. | Low dose of asprin |
| This is a disorder due to RH incompatibility between mother and fetus is called? | Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
| What drug is used to treat erythroblastosis Fetalis? | RhoGAM |
| This is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, usually characterized by decrease RBC count or hemoglobin deficiency. | Anemia |
| Is an inherited disorder due to an abnormal kind of hemoglobin RBCs show a characteristic sickle cell shaped. | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| Is an inherited deficiency of clotting in which bleeding may occur spontaneously or after only minor trauma? | Hemophilia |
| This is a disorder of hemostasis characterized y simultaneous and unregulated blood clotting and hemorrhage. | Diseminated Intravascular Clotting |
| Is a malignant disease of blood forming tissues characterized by uncontrolled production and accumulation of immature leukocytes. . | Leukemia |
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