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nervous system ch8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the functions of the nervous system?. | 1.regulate functioning of tissues, organs, &organ systems. 2. detect changes &feel sensations. 3.organize info for immediate use &store for future use. |
| what are the divisions of the nervous system?. | central nervous system. peripheral nervous system: contains autonomic nervous system. |
| cns consists of what?. | brain &spinal cord. |
| pns consists of what?. | crainial nerves &spinal nerves. |
| describe neuron cell body. | has a nucleus. located in cns or trunk. protected by bone. has one axon &dendrite. |
| axon does what?. | carries impulses away from cell body. |
| dendrite does what?. | carry impulses toward cell body. |
| schwann cells in pns form what?. | myelin sheath. |
| oligodendrocytes in cns form what?. | myelin sheath. phagocytize pathogens and help form blood brain barrier. |
| what is a synapse. | space between axon of one neuron &dendrites or cell body. |
| what do neurotransmitters do?. | carry impulses across synapse. |
| what do sensory neurons do?. | (afferent) carry impulses from receptors to cns via different pathways or neurons. can come from internal organs- visceral sensory neurons. |
| what do motor neurons do?. | (efferent) carry impulses from cns to effectors. can come from smooth muscles or glands-visceral motor neurons. can also come from skeletal muscles-somatic motor neurons. |
| what do interneurons do?. | wholly within cns. intercept impulse bnefore gets to the brain, for quicker reaction. |
| what are the functions of the spinal cord?. | 1.transmit impulses to and from brain. 2.integrate the spinal cord reflexes. |
| where is the spinal cord?. | in the vertebral canal from foramen magnum to disc between 1st &2nd lumbar vertebrae. |
| what is the cross section?. | internal gray matter. H shaped. |
| what do ascending tracts do?. | carry impulses to brain. |
| what is in the central canal?. | cerebrospinal fluid continued from brain ventricles. |
| define dorsal root ganglion. | cell bodies of sensory neurons. spinal root. |
| ventral or motor root goes in what direction?. | out. spinal root. |
| how many cervical pairs of spinal roots are there?. | eight; goes to head, neck, shoulder, arm, &diaphragm. |
| how many thoracic pairs of spinal roots are there?. | twelve; to trunk. |
| how many lumbar&sacral pairs of spinal roots are there?. | five lumbar &five sacral; to hip, pelvic cavity,&leg. one small coccygeal pair. |
| define cauda equina. | lumbar &sacral nerves extending below end of spinal cord. |
| where is the major peripheral nerve phrenic?. | diaphragm. |
| where is the major peripheral nerve radial?. | skin &muscles of posterior arm, forearm &hand, thumb &1st two fingers. |
| where is the major peripheral nerve median?. | skin &muscles of anterior arm, forearm, hand. |
| where is the major peripheral nerve ulnar?. | skin &muscles of medial arm, forearm, hand; little finger &ring finger. |
| where is the major peripheral nerve intercostal?. | intercostal muscles (ribs), abdominal muscles; skin of trunk. |
| where is the major peripheral nerve femoral?. | skin &muscles of anterior thigh, medial leg, &foot. |
| where is the major peripheral nerve sciatic?. | skin &muscles of posterior thigh, leg &foot. |
| pathway of nerve impulses during a reflex. | 1.receptors. 2.sensory neurons. 3.cns with one or more synapses. 4.motor neurons. 5.effector processing. |
| define ventricles. | four cavities that form verebrospinal fluid; can enlarge with swelling. |
| functions of the medulla. | regulates heart rate, breathing, &bp; aso coughing, vomiting, sneezing, swallowing. (medulla &pons are at the top of spinal cord) |
| function of pons. | respiratory centers work with medulla for changes in breathing. |
| the midbrain contains the centers for what?. | visual, auditory, &righting (equilibrium) reflexes. connects left &right brain. |
| funcitons of the cerebellum. | regulates coordination, also muscle tone &equilbrium, texture &weight sensations. |
| function of hypothalamus. | produces adh for kidney reabsorption of water. produces oxytocin for labor. regulates body temp. food intake. &ans function. biological clock. emotional responses. ghrh. regulates the secretion of anterior &posterior pituitary gland. |
| function of the thalamus. | groups sensory impulses before relaying to cerebrum. contributes to alertness, awareness &memory. involves all senses but smell. |
| function of cerebrum. | largest part of the brain. two hemipsheres that communicate via the corpus callosum. cerebral cortex has gray matter. white matter is nerve tracts. |
| lobes in the cerebrum. | frontal lobe:movement &skills. parietal lobe:skin sensation &muscle sense, taste. temporal lobe:hearing &smell. occipital lobe:vision, relationships. association areas:in all lobes, abstract thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, personality. |
| define neural plasticity. | ability of brain to adapt to changing needs. |
| define hippocampus. | collect info from many areasof verebral cortex &help remember names &events. |
| define basil ganglia. | gray matter in cerebral hemispheres. voluntary movement, muscle tone, coordination. |
| define corpus callosum. | communicative connection between the 2hemispheres of cerebrum. |
| cerebrospinal fluid function. | nourishes cns, removes waste products, &acts as a shock absorber. constantly formed in subarachnoid space by choroid plexuses from blood plasma. |
| three layers of meninges connective tissue. | dura mater: outer. arachnoid membrane: middle. pia mater: inner. |
| function of cranial nerve olfactory. | smell. |
| function of cranial nerve optic. | sight. |
| function of cranial nerve oculomotor. | eyeball movement. pupil constriction. |
| function of cranial nerve trochlear. | eyeball movement. |
| function of cranial nerve trigeminal. | feeling in face, scalp &teeth. muscle contraction chewing. |
| function of cranial nerve abducens. | also eyeball movement. |
| function of cranial nerve facial. | taste. facial muscle contraction. saliva secretion. |
| function of cranial nerve acoustic (vestibulocochlear). | hearing, equilibrium. |
| function of cranial nerve glossopharyngeal. | taste. cardiac senses, respiratory &bp reflexes. pharynx contraction. |
| function of cranial nerve vagus. | longest of all cranial nerves. cardiac senses. respiratory &bp reflexes. speaking. |
| function of crainal nerve accessory. | neck &shoulder muscles. speaking. |
| function of crainal nerve hypoglossal. | tounge movement. |
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