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Chapter 10
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells. |
| afferent nerve | Carries messages TOWARD the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve). |
| arachnoid membrane | Middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| astrocyte | Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries. |
| autonomic nervous system | Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs. |
| axon | Microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell. |
| blood-brain barrier | Blood vessels (capillaries)that selectively let certain substances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out. |
| brainstem | Lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes the pons and medulla oblongata. |
| cauda equina | Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord |
| cell body | Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus. |
| central nervous system (CNS) | Brain and the spinal cord |
| cerebellum | Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance. |
| cerebral cortex | Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain. |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord. |
| cerebrum | Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. |
| cranial nerves | Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve). |
| dendrite | Microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse. |
| dura mater | Thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord. |
| efferent nerve | Carries messages AWAY FROM the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve. |
| ependymal cell | Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid. |
| ganglion (ganglia - plural) | Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. |
| glial cell (neuroglial cell) | Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses. Examples are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes. |
| gyrus (gyri - plural) | Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution. |
| hypothalamus | Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland. |
| medulla oblongata | Part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and the size of blood vessels; nerve fibers cross over here. |
| meninges | Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. |
| microglial cell | Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system. |
| motor nerve | Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve. |
| myelin sheath | Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction along axons. |
| nerve | Macroscopic cord-like collections of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses. |
| neuron | Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body. |
| neurotransmitter | Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. It stimulates or inhibits another cell, which can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell. Examples of neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. |
| oligodendroglial cell | Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons. Also called oligodendrocyte. |
| parasympathetic nerves | Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. |
| parenchyma (par EN ki ma) | Essential, distinguishing tissue of organ/system. NERVOUS = brain, spinal cord, neurons. LIVER = hepatocytes. KIDNEY = nephrons where urines forms. |
| peripheral nervous system | Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves. |
| pia mater | Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges. |
| plexus (plexuses - plural) | Large, interlacing network of nerves. Examples are lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses. |
| pons | Part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain. It is a bridge connecting various parts of the brain. |
| receptor | Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves. The skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors. |
| sciatic nerve | Nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot. Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve. |
| sensory nerves | Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord. |
| stimulus (stimuli - plural) | Agent of change (light, sound, touch)in the internal or external environment that evokes a response. |
| stroma | Connective and supporting tissue of an organ. Glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain. |
| sulcus (sulci - plural) | Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure. |
| sympathetic nerves | Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress. |
| synapse | Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells. |
| thalamus | Main relay center of the brain. It conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum. |
| vagus nerve | Tenth cranial nerve; its branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach. Unlike other nerves, vagus leaves head and wanders into abdominal and thoracic cavities. |
| ventricles of the brain | Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. |
| hydrocephalus | Abnormal Accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain. |
| spina bifida | Congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts(neural tube defect). |
| spina bifida occulta | vertebral defect is covered over with skin and only evident in x-ray. |
| spina bifida cystica | More severe with cyst-like protrustions. |
| spina bifida cystica with meningocele | Meninges protrudes to outside of body. |
| Alzheimer disease (AD) | Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning. |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) | Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. Lou Gehrig disease |
| epilepsy | Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity. |
| Huntington disease | Hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration. |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue. |
| myasthenia gravis (MG) | Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. |
| palsy | Paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function). |
| cerebral palsy | Partial paralysis & lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or perinatal period. |
| bell palsy | Paralysis on one side of face. Likely caused by a viral infection. |
| Parkinson disease (parkinsonism) | Degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement. Cause by a deficiency of dopamine. |
| Tourette syndrome | Involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words. |
| herpes zoster (shingles) | Viral infection affecting peripheral nerves. |
| meningitis | Inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis. |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy | Brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS. |
| brain tumor | Abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges. |
| cerebral concussion | Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours. |
| cerebral contusion | Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours. |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | Disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke. |
| migraine | Severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache. |
| absence seizure | Minor form of seizure, consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings. |
| aneurysm | Enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke). |
| astrocytoma | Malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells). |
| aura | Peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure. |
| dementia | Mental decline and deterioration. |
| demyelination | Destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis). |
| dopamine | CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patient with Parkinson disease. |
| embolus | Clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel. |
| gait | Manner of walking. |
| ictal event | Pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of a epileptic seizure. |
| occlusion | Blockage |
| palliative | Relieving symptoms but not curing them. |
| thymectomy | Removal of the thymus gland; used as treatment for myasthenia gravis. |
| TIA | Transient ischemic attack. |
| tic | Involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of Tourette syndrome. |
| tonic-clonic seizure | Major convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements. |
| cerebrospinal fluid analysis | Samples of CSF are examined. Used to diagnose infection, tumors, or multiple sclerosis. |
| cerebral angiography | X-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessel in the brain after injection of contrast material. Used to diagnose vascular disease (aneurysm, occlusion, hemorrhage) in the brain. |
| computed tomography (CT) of the brain | X-ray technique that generates computerized multiple images of the brain and spinal cord. |
| myelography | X-ray imaging of the spinal canal after injection of contrast medium into the subarachnoid space. Now being replaced with CT & MRI scans. |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord. |
| positron emission tomography (PET) scan | Radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells. Used to diagnose Alzheimer disease, stroke, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. |
| Doppler ultrasound studies | Sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries. Detects occlusion in blood vessels. |
| electroencephalography (EEG) | Recording of the electrical activity of the brain. |
| lumbar puncture (LP) | CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis. Another name is spinal tap. |
| stereotactic radiosurgery | Use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain. A high-energy radiation beam treats deep tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses. |
| AD | Alzheimer disease |
| AFP | alpha-fetoprotein; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with congenital malformations of nervous system. Anencephaly and spina bifida |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Lou Gehrig disease |
| AVM | arteriovenous malformation; congenital tangle of arteries and veins in the cerebrum. |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| CT | computed tomography |
| CVA | cerebrovascular accident |
| EEG | electroencephalography |
| GABA | gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter) |
| ICP | intracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 MM Hg) |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
| MAC | monitored anesthetic care |
| MG | myasthenia gravis |
| MRA | magnetic resonance angiography |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| 1/2P | hemiparesis |
| PCA | patient-controlled anesthesia |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system |
| PSRS | proton stereotactic radiosurgery |
| Sz | seizure |
| TBI | traumatic brain injury |
| TENS | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; technique using a battery-powered device to relieve acute and chronic pain. |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with the blood supply to the brain |
| TLE | temporal lobe epilepsy |
| tPA | tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke. |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| encephal/o | brain |
| gli/o | glial cells |
| lept/o | thin, slender |
| my/o | muscle |
| myel/o | spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts) |
| neur/o | nerve |
| pont/o | pons |
| radicul/o | nerve root (of spinal nerves) |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thec/o | sheath (refers to the meninges) |
| vag/o | vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) |
| alges/o, -algesia | excessive sensitivity to pain |
| -algia | pain |
| caus/o | burning |
| comat/o | deep sleep (coma) |
| esthesi/o, -esthesia | feeling, nervous sensation |
| kines/o kinesi/o -kinesia -kinesis -kinetic | movement |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| lex/o | word, phrase |
| -paresis | weakness |
| -phasia | speech |
| -plegia | paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body) |
| -praxia | action |
| -sthenia | strength |
| syncop/o | to cut off, cut short |
| tax/o | order, coordination |
| meningi/o | meninges |
| spinal bifida cystica with myelomeningocele | Both spinal cord and meninges protrude from body |
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