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Digestive/Urinary
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mouth | begins preparation of food for digestion |
| pharynx | transports food from the mouth to the esophagus |
| esophagus | transports food from the pharynx to the stomach |
| stomach | breaks down food & mixes it with digestive juices |
| small intestine | completes digestion & absorption of most nutrients |
| large intestine | absorbs excess water & prepares solid waste for elimination |
| rectum & anus | control the excretion of solid waste |
| liver | secretes bile & enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats |
| gallbladder | stores bile & releases it to the small intestine as needed |
| pancreas | secretes digestive juices & enzymes into small intestine as needed |
| The major structures of the digestive system include: | oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum & anus |
| The accessory organs of the digestive system include: | liver, gallbladder & pancreas |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| intestin | intestine |
| -al | pertaining to |
| upper GI tract | consists of the mouth, esophagus & stomach |
| lower GI tract is made up of: | the small & large intestines (sometimes referred to as the bowels) plus the rectum & anus |
| The major structures of the oral cavity: | AKA the mouth, are the lips, hard & soft palates, salivary glands, tongue, teeth & the periodontium |
| lips | AKA labia, form the opening to the oral cavity |
| The lips also have important roles in: | breathing, speaking & the expression of emotions |
| palate | forms the roof of the mouth |
| hard palate | is the bony anterior portion of the palate that is covered with specialized mucous membrane |
| rugae | are irregular ridges or folds in this mucous membrane |
| soft palate | is the flexible posterior portion of the palate. It has the important role of closing off the nasal passage during the swallowing to prevent food & liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity |
| uvula | hangs from the free edge of the soft palate. During the swallowing, it moves upward with the soft palate. It also plays an important role in snoring & in the formation of some speech sounds |
| tongue | is very strong, flexible & muscular. It aids in speech & moves food during chewing & swallowing. |
| dorsum | the upper surface of the tongue |
| papillae | small bumps on the dorsum |
| sublingual surface of the tongue & the tissues that lie under the tongue | are covered with delicate highly vascular tissues |
| it is the presence of this rich blood supply under the tongue that makes it suitable for | administering certain medications by placing them sublingually where they are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream |
| periodontium | consists of the bones & soft tissues that surround & support the teeth |
| gingiva | commonly known as the gums, is the specialized mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth, covers the bone of the dental arches & lines the cheeks |
| dentition | refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper & lower jaws |
| incisors & canines | AKA cuspids; used for biting & tearing |
| bicuspids & molars | used for chewing & grinding |
| primary dentition | AKA the deciduous dentition or baby teeth, consists of 20 teeth that are normally lost during childhood & replaced by the permanent teeth. These teeth include: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 molars & no premolars |
| permanent dentition | consists of 32 teeth that are designed to last a lifetime. These teeth include: 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars & 12 molars |
| edentulous | means without teeth |
| crown | the portion of a tooth that is visible in the mouth |
| enamel | hardest substance in the body; what teeth are covered with |
| roots | hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch |
| salivary glands | secrete saliva that is carried by ducts into the mouth |
| parotid glands | located on the face in front of & slightly lower than each ear |
| sublingual glands & their ducts are located | on the floor of the mouth under the tongue |
| submandibular glands & their ducts are located | on the floor of the mouth near the mandible |
| esophagus | is the muscular tube through which ingested food passes from the pharynx to the stomach |
| lower esophageal sphincter | AKA the cardiac sphincter or the gastroesophageal sphincter, is the muscular ring controls the flow between the esophagus & the stomach |
| stomach | is a sac-like organ composed of the fundus (upper rounded part), body (main portion) & antrum (lower part) |
| rugae | are the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach. Glands located within these folds produce gastric juices that aid in digestion & mucus to create a protective coating on the lining of the stomach |
| pylorus | is the narrow passage that connects the stomach with the small intestine |
| pyloric sphincter | is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the stomach to the duodenum of the small intestine |
| small intestine | extends from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine |
| Size of the small intestine: | a coiled organ up to 20 feet in length |
| The small intestine consists of 3 sections where food | is digested & the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream |
| duodenum | is the first portion of the small intestine. It extends from the pylorus to the jejunum. |
| jejunum | is the middle portion of the small intestine. It extends from the duodenum to the ileum. |
| ileum | is the last & longest portion of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the cecum of the large intestine. |
| large intestine | extends from the end of the small intestine to the anus. It is about twice as wide as the small intestine, but only 1/4 as long. |
| The major parts of the large intestine are: | cecum, colon, rectum & anus |
| cecum | is a pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen |
| ileocecal sphincter | is the ring-like muscle that controls the flow from the ileum of the small intestine into the cecum of the large intestine |
| vermiform appendix | commonly called the appendix, hangs from the lower portion of the cecum. |
| vermiform | refers to a worm-like shape |
| colon | the longest portion of the large intestine |
| ascending colon | travels upward from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver |
| ascending | means upward |
| transverse colon | passes horizontally from right to left toward the spleen |
| transverse | means across |
| descending colon | travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity to the sigmoid colon |
| descending | means downward |
| sigmoid colon | is an S-shaped structure that continues from the descending colon above & joins with the rectum below |
| rectum | the widest division of the large intestine, makes up the last 4 inches of the large intestin & ends up at the anus |
| anus | the lower opening of the digestive tract. The flow of waste through the anus is controlled by the internal anal sphincter & the external anal sphincter |
| anorectal | refers to the anus & rectum as a single unit |
| an/o | means anus |
| rect | means rectum |
| -al | means pertaining to |
| liver | a large organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; removes toxins from the blood & turning food into the fuel & nutrients the body needs |
| The liver removes excess glucose | commonly known as blood sugar from the bloodstream & stores it as glycogen, which is a form of starch |
| When the blood sugar level is low, | the liver converts glycogen back into glucose & releases it for use by the body |
| bilirubin | the pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin, is released by the liver in bile |
| bile | aids in the digestion of fats, is a digestive juice secreted by the liver |
| biliary tree | provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine |
| biliary | means pertaining to bile |
| common hepatic duct | known as the trunk |
| The bile travels from the liver through the common hepatic duct to the gallbladder where it enters & exits through the narrow | cystic duct |
| common bile duct | formed by the cystic duct leaving the gallbladder rejoins the common hepatic duct |
| pancreatic duct | the common bile duct joins here & together they enter the duodenum of the small intestine |
| gallbladder | a pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver |
| cholecystic | means pertaining to the gallbladder |
| cholecyst | means gallbladder |
| pancreas | a soft 6 inch long oblong gland that is located behind the stomach; this gland has important roles in both the digestive & endocrine systems |
| The pancreas produces & secretes | pancreatic juices that aid in digestion & contain sodium bicarbonate to help neutralize stomach acids & digestive enzymes |
| pancreatic duct | the pancreatic juices leave the pancreas through here that joins the common bile duct |
| digestion | the process by which complex foods are broken down into nutrients in a form the body can use |
| digestive enzymes | are responsible for the chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body |
| metabolism | includes all of the processes involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| metabol | means change |
| metabolism consists of 2 parts: | anabolism & catabolism |
| anabolism | is the building up of body cells & substances from nutrients |
| catabolism | is the breaking down of body cells or substances, releasing energy & carbon dioxide |
| absorption | is the process by which completely digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body |
| mastication | AKA chewing, breaks food down into smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva |
| bolus | is a mass of food that has been chewed & is ready to be swallowed |
| During swallowing, | food travels from the mouth into the pharynx & on into the esophagus |
| In the esophagus, | food moves downward through the action of gravity & peristalsis |
| peristalsis | is a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction |
| gastic juices of the stomach contain | hydrochloric acid & digestive enzymes to begin the digestive process |
| chyme | is the semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes out of the stomach, through the pyloric sphincter & into the small intestine |
| emulsification | in the duodenum, chyme is mixed with pancreatic juice & bile. The bile breaks apart large fat globules so enzymes in the pancreatic juices can digest the fats |
Created by:
Karebear
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