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Chapter 11- Anatomy
Fundamentals of the nervous system and nervous tissue
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three basic functions of the nervous system? | Sensory Input, Integration, and Motor Output |
| Sensory Input | Gathered information from the nervous systems millions of sensory receptors that monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body |
| Integration | A process of the nervous system that interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment |
| Motor Output | a response caused by nervous system, caused by activationg effector organs (muscles and glands) |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | -consists of the brain and spinal cord that occupies the dorsal cavity -is the integrating and command center of the nervous system -interprets sensory input and dictates motor responses based on reflexes, current conditions, and past experiences |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | -consists mainly of the nerves (budles of axons) that extend from the brain and spinal cord -spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord, and cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain 2 subdivisions: Sensory and Motor |
| Sensory, or afferent division | PNS subdivison: -consists of nerve fibers (axons) that convey impulses to the CNS from sensory receptors located throughout the body -Somatic (limbs and skin) and Visceral (ventral body cavity) sensory nerve fibers -keeps CNS constantly informed |
| Motor, or efferent, divison | PNS subdivision: - transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs -impulses activate muscles to contract and glands to secrete - 2 parts: Somatic and Autonomic Nervouse Systems |
| Somatic Nervous System | Somatic Motor(Voluntary) -composed of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | Visceral motor(Involuntary) -consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands -2 subdivisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| ANS subdivisions | They work in opposition to eachother, when one stimulates, the other inhibits sympathetic divison: mobilizes body system during activities parasympathetic division: conserves energy and promotes housekeeping functions during rest |
| Neuroglia | neurons that associate closely with much smaller cells 6 types, 4 in the CNS and 2 in the PNS |
| Astrocytes | Neuroglia CNS Function: Make exchanges between capillaries and neurons, control chemical environment around neurons to "mop" up leaked K+ ions and recapturing released neurotransmitters, connected by gap junctions and signal e/o by taking in K+ |
| Microglia | Neuroglia CNS monitors nearby neurons health and sense when they are injured and migrate towards them, defensive cells -important bc cells of the immune system are denied access to the CNS |
| Ependymal | Neuroglia CNS -form a permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and the tissue fluid bathing the cells in CNS -beating of their cilia helps circulate the CSF that cushions the brain and spinal cord |
| Oligodendrocytes | Neuroglia CNS -line up along thicker neuron fibers in CNS -wrap their processes tightly around the fibers, producing insulationg covers called myelin sheaths |
| satellite cells | Neuroglia PNS,surround neuron cell bodies,exchanges between capillaries and neurons, control chemical environment around neurons to "mop" up leaked K+ ions and recapturing released neurotransmitters, connected by gap junctions and signal e/o |
| Schwann Cells | PNS surround and form myelin sheaths, vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral fibers, functions are similar to oligodendrocytes |
| Multipolar neurons | -3 or more processes- one axon and the rest dendrites -most abundant in body, major neuron type in CNS -receptive region (recieves stimulus) Plasma membrane exhibits chemically gated ion channels |
| Bipolar neurons | 2 processes-axon & dendrite- that extend from opp. sides of the cell body 1 is a fused dendrite,other is an axon Rare-found in some special sensory organs Conducting region (generates/transmits AP). |
| Unipolar neurons | one single short process extends from the cell body and divides T-like into proximal and distal branches and forms central and peripheral processes -found in PNS, in dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord- secretory region |
| nerve fiber | bundles of intermediate filaments |
| neuron | structural units of the nervous system that transmit electrical signals |
| nerve | bundle of nerve fibers in the PNS |
| tract | bundle of nerve fibers in CNS |
| Nucleus | collection of cell bodies in the CNS |
| Ganglion | collection of cell bodies in the PNS |
| Depolarization | a reduction in membrane potential: the inside of the membrane becomes less negative than the resting potential |
| hyperpolarization | occurs when the membrain potential increases, becoming more megative than the resting potential |
| generator potentials | resulting graded potential when the receptor of a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy |
| Postsynaptic potentials | resulting graded potential, when the stimulus is a neurotransmitter released by another neuron. it is called this bc the neurotransmitter is released into a fluid-filled gap called a synapse and influences the neuron post the synapse |
| Summation | Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential can add together, or summate, to influence the activity of postsynaptic neuron |
| temporal summation | 2 excitatory stimuli close in time cause EPSPs that add together |
| spatial summation | 2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSPs that add together |
| neurotransmitter | language of the nervous system, each neuron communicates with others to process and send messages to the rest of the body |
Created by:
TWilcom139
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