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Chp 9 - Senses
Chapter Nine - Senses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ________ inform us of changes in our environment | Senses |
| What are the two types of senses | General senses ; Special senses |
| ____________ is the result of the information being interpreted in the CNS | Sensation |
| To create a sensation each ___________ type responds to a specific type of stimulus. Once the receptor is stimulated, impulses are generated and travel from the receptor , by ______ or ________ nerves to the CNS | sensory receptor ; spinal or cranial |
| Sensory adaptation is a ________ in the rate of impulse formation at the receptor due to repeated stimulation by the same stimulus | Decline |
| Adaptation prevents _________ of the nervous system by unimportant stimuli | Overloading |
| Once adaptation occurs, a stronger _______ is needed to gain a response | Stimulus |
| __________ found in the dermis of the skin and are used for detecting temperature and pressure (heavy, light, and pain) | Dermal receptors |
| General senses have 2 kinds of temperature receptors ________ receptors and _______ cold receptors | Heat and Cold |
| ________ ________are found deep in dermis and they are sensitive to temperatures above room temperature | Heat receptors |
| __________ _________ are found near the surface of the dermis and are sensitive to temperatures below room temperature | Cold receptors |
| Temperature receptors adapt quickly to constant ___________ | Stimulation |
| __________ __________ are heavy pressure receptors found deep in dermis | Pacinian corpuscles |
| ________ _______ are light pressure(aka touch) receptors found shallow in dermis | Meissner Corpuscles |
| ______ _________ _________ function in touch, itch, temperature, and pain | Free nerve endings |
| Free nerve endings are found wrapped around ____ _______ and throughout dermis | Hair follicles |
| Pain impulses originate from ____ ________ but is felt in part of the body wall | visceral organs |
| Pain is projected along _____ ______ used by neurons carrying impulses from both the body wall and visceral organs | common nerves |
| Special sense receptors are _______ rather than widely distributed | Localized |
| What the three different kinds of special sense receptors | 1. Chemoreceptors 2. Mechanoreceptors 3. Photoreceptors |
| _______________ are sensitive to chemicals , they are used for taste and smell (found in noes and mouth) | Chemoreceptors |
| __________ are sensitive to sound wave vibrations, used for hearing (found in ears) | Mechanoreceptors |
| Photoreceptors are sensitive to ____ _______, used for sight (found in eyes) | Light rays |
| To activate a taste cell, a _______ must be dissolved in a liquid | Chemical |
| What are the six different taste sensations | 1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Bitter 4. Salty 5. Metallic 6. Umami (meat) |
| _______ __________ is due to activation of several receptor types and is associated with activation of olfactory receptors for smell, so… taste and smell are closely linked | Flavor variety |
| _________ ___________ are located in upper portion of the nasal cavity | Olfactory organs |
| Impulses are carried from _______ _____ by way of the olfactory cranial nerves to the brain | Receptor cells |
| Humans can distinguish ___________ different odors | 10,000 |
| What are the 3 major parts of the ear | 1. External ear 2. Middle ear 3. Inner ear |
| What are the 2 parts of the external ear | 1. Auricle (also called the Pinna) 2. External auditory canal |
| The funnel-like structure made of cartilage and skin that collects sound and funnels it to external auditory canal is known as the | Auricle |
| ________ ___________________ is a short tube extending from auricle to the eardrum | External auditory canal |
| _______ and hairs in the auditory canal keep foreign particles from reaching the eardrum | Cerumen |
| The middle ear is composed of what 3 components | 1. Tympanic membrane (eardrum) 2. Ear ossicles 3. Auditory Tube |
| _______ _______ is the barrier between internal and external ear | Tympanic membrane |
| The tympanic membrane is externally covered by ________ and internally covered in ________ _______ | Skin ; mucous membrane |
| Sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to ________ and transmit sound wave to ear ossicles | Vibrate |
| What are the three bones that make up the Ear ossicles forming a lever system between tympanic membrane and inner ear | 1. Malleus (hammer) 2. Incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (stirrup) |
| Vibrations from tympanic membrane pass from ______ to ________ to _______ | Malleus ; incus ; stapes |
| Stapes vibrates on the oval window of _______ _______ | inner ear |
| __________ _________Connects middle ear with the pharynx | Auditory tube |
| The auditory tube Allows for air pressure in the middle ear to ______ external air pressure which is essential for eardrum to function properly | equal |
| The _______ ________ is two systems of tubes and chambers embedded, one inside the other, one composed of membranes and one composed of bone | Inner ear |
| Inner ear consists of three major parts… | 1. Cochlea – for hearing 2. Vestibule – for static equilibrium 3. Semicircular canals – for dynamic equilibrium |
| The ______ is the coiled portion of the inner ear | Cochlea |
| The 2 windows in the outer boney system covered only by membranes of inner system are | 1. Oval window 2. Round window |
| _________ ____ ________ is in the cochlear duct, and contains sound receptors called hair cells | Organ of Corti |
| The middle fluid filled chamber of the middle ear is called the _______ ____________ | Conchlear Duct |
| When moved by fluid, hair cells come into contact with _______ __________ (located in the cochlear duct) | tectorial membrane |
| Hair cells terminate into nerve fibers that form the ______ _______ of the vestibulocochlear nerve | cochlear branch |
| ______ _________ cause vibrations in the tympanic membrane which then vibrates the stapes on the oval window, | Sounds waves |
| Vibration of the stapes on the oval windows causes movement in perilymph of _____ _______ and _______ __________, which causes movement of vestibular and basilar membranes, | scala vestibule ; scala tympani |
| movement of vestibular and basilar membranes causes _____ ______ in the cochlear duct to contact the tectorial membrane and triggers an impulse to travel along the cochlear nerve | hair cells |
| __________ is sense of balance | Equilibrium |
| There are several ______ ______ involved in equilibrium and they are located in joint, muscles, eyes, and inner ear | Sensory Receptors |
| What are the two types of equilibrium | 1. Static 2. Dynamic |
| _______ ________ occurs when the head is motionless | Static equilibrium |
| Receptors for static equilibrium are located inside the __________ | Vestibule |
| _________ ______________ occurs when the head is moving | Dynamic equilibrium |
| ____________ __________ contain receptors that detect motion of the head located in 3 Canals are oriented at 90 degrees to each other to detect movement along three planes | Semicircular canals |
| When heads turns, fluid in canals moves and pushes on the hair cells which bend, causing impulses to form that travel along the ______ ______ of the _______ ______ to the brain | vestibular branch ; vestibulocochlear nerve |
| What are the functions of the Lacrimal Gland | 1. Produce tear to keep the eye moist 2. Wash away foreign particles 3. They contain lysozymes which reduce the chances of infection |
| Tears collect at ________ _________ of the eye and drain into the _______ _______ | Inner corner ; Nasal cavity |
| 6 eye muscles originate on the back of the ____ _____ and insert on the _____ __ | Eye orbit ; eyeball |
| What is the function of eye muscles | Eye movement: side to side, up and down, and rolling |
| The wall of the eye is composed of what three layers | 1. Sclera 2. Choroid coat 3. Retina |
| Interior spaces of the eye are filled with fluid to…. | Support and maintain eye shape |
| _____ is the tough, fibrous, opaque, white portion of the eye that provides protection for delicate internal portions of eye and optic nerve | Sclera |
| _____ is the anterior, convex, clear window of the eye that is part of sclera and Bends light rays as they pass through it, has no blood vessels or nerves | Cornea |
| Sclera is the _____ layer of the eye | Outer |
| Choroid coat is the ______ layer of the eye | Middle |
| ______ ______ contains all the blood vessels that nourish the eye | Choroid coat |
| _____ ______ is an apparatus composed of a collection of different connective tissues, including tiny muscles that contract and pull on ______ _______ | Ciliary body ; suspensory ligaments |
| suspensory ligaments, function together to change the shape of the lens which is made ______ for distance vision and made _____ for near vision | thin ; thick |
| _____ is the colored portion of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil | Iris |
| _____ is the opening in the center of the iris that allows light to pass into the eye. | Pupil |
| The pupil _______ in bright light and ______ in dim light. | Constricts ; dilates |
| ______ is the inner layer of the eye | Retina |
| Retina contains the ________________ (rods and cones) | Photoreceptors |
| ______ are for black and white vision, functional in low light | Rods |
| ______ are for color vision and detail, require bright light to function | Cones |
| In the retina ____ _______ has highest concentration of cones and ______ has second highest concentration of cones, few rods. The rest of the retina is mostly rods | Fovea centralis ; Macula |
| _____ ______ is the blind spot that contains no photoreceptors | Optic disc |
| The optic disc is where _____ ______ and ______ _____ enters the eye | Blood vessels ; optic nerve |
| __________ is used to view the internal eye | Opthalmoscope |
| _____ ________ is the space between cornea and lens | Anterior cavity |
| The Anterior cavity is filled with a watery fluid called _______ _______ | aqueous humor |
| _______ _______ is located behind the lens and is filled with a thick gel-like fluid called vitreous humor. | Posterior cavity |
| The ______ ________ helps keep the retina in place by keeping it pressed against the walls of the eye ball | vitreous humor |
| To see an image light must be ___________ precisely so it is focused on the fovea centralis and macula of the retina | refracted (bent) |
| Light is refracted first and most by the _____, then the _____ _____ in the anterior cavity, then the lens, and then the _______ _______in the posterior cavity | Cornea ; aqueous humor ; vitrous humor |
| Changing the shape of the lens helps us accommodate for near, intermediate, and far vision. This adjustment is called ___ ________ ______. | The Accommodation Reflex |
| Eye optics causes the image to be ______ on the retina, the cerebral cortex (brain) corrects this ______ so objects are seen in their correct orientation | Inverted ; inversion |
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hmurray90
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