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skeletal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| site of spongy bone | epiphysis |
| site of compact bone in adult | diaphysis |
| site of hematopoiesis in adult | red marrow and epiphysis |
| scientific name for bone shaft | diaphysis |
| site of fat storage in the adult | medullary cavity |
| site of longitudinal growth in a child | epiphyseal plate |
| when blood calcim levels begin to drop below homeostatic levels, what is relases causing calcium to be released from the bone | parathyroid hormone |
| mature bone cells that maintain bone in a viable state | osteocyte |
| caused by paralysiis or sever lack of exercise results in muscle and bone ___________ | atrophy |
| large tuberles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of_________ | stress/tension |
| immature, or matrix depositing, bone cells are referred to as bone forming | osteoblasts |
| causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts | calcitonin |
| bones cells that liquefy (break down) bone matrix and release calcium to the blood(bone destroying cells located in the bone) | osteoclasts |
| hollow tube of compact bone | diaphysis |
| the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone that contains yellow bone marrow | medullary cavity |
| ends of the bone | epiphysis |
| where red bone marrow fills in small spaces in the spongy bone | epiphysis |
| thin layer of cartiage covering each epiphysis, functions like a cushion if it were placed over the ends of bones where they form a joint | articular cartilage |
| a strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it covered by articular cartilage | periosteum |
| thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity | endosteum |
| what are the two major types of connective tissue | bone and cartilage |
| needlelike threads of spongy bone that surrounds a network of spaces | trabeculae |
| function of the skeletal system | support and give shape to the body, protection of internal organs, movement, storage for calcium and minerals, blood cell formation |
| process of blood formation, vital process carried on the the red bone marrow | hematopoiesis |
| soft connective tissure inside the hard walls of some bones | red bone marrow |
| 4 types of bones | long, short, irregular, sesamoid |
| circular and tubelike, composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers resembling the rings of an onion in microscopic structure | osteons or haversian systems |
| name of circular rings that surround central canal that contains a blood vessel | lamella |
| lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae | osteocytes |
| passageways that connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal in osteon | canaliculi |
| canals that run lengthwise(horizontal) through the bony matrix carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone | haversian system |
| process in which bones grow in diameter and are controlled by growth hormone and sex hormones | appositional growth |
| when does the growth of long bones end when the epiphiseal plates are completely converted to bone | adolesence |
| early bone development before birth is made up of | cartilage and fibrous structure |
| process of bone formation from cartilage | enchondrial ossification |
| _____ are chords or bands made of strong connective tissue that holds two bones together | ligaments |
| remnants of the epiphyseal plate | epipyseal line |
| fetal skull differs from adult skull by | newborn skull contains fontanels infants facial bones are very small compared to the cranium |
| placed in bone matrix as hard calcium salts when blood calcium levels are to high | hypercalcemia |
| the communication pathway is completed by _____ which run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft | volkmanns canal |
| _____deposited into the matrix give bone its hardness, which resists compression. the organic parts (especially the collagen fibers) provide for bones flexibility and great strength | calcium salts |
| bones are remodeled continually in response to changes in two factors: | calcium levels in the blood pull of gravity and muscles on the skeletono |
| osteoblast once trapped become | osteocytes |
| common fractures in older people | comminuted-breaks into many fragments compression-bone is crushed (common in porous bones) "osteroporotic" |
| common fracture in children that the bones breaks like a green twig | greenstick |
| common in sports fracture that is a ragged break due to excessive twisting forces | spiral |
| depressed fracture that the bone portion is pressed inward | skull fracture |
| bone ends are forces together into each others end and occurs when attempting to break a fall | impacted |
| disease in which childrens bones fail to calcify | rickets |
| a fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin | simple or closed |
| a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin | compound |
| stages of bone repair | hematoma forms, break is splinted by a fibocartilage callus,bony callus forms,bone remodeling occurs |
| most long bones are found in the | limbs |
| appears to be solid and very dense with few holes | compact bone |
| areas look like the cross beams of a house with lots of space between the bone spicules | spongy bone |
| what makes up the skull, vertebre, and bony thorax | axial skeleton |
| forms the forehead,bony projections under the eyebrows, and the superior part of each eye's orbit | frontal |
| form most of the superior and lateral walls of the cranium. the meet the in the midleone of the skull at the sagittal suture and form the coronal suture, where they meet the frontal bone | parietal bones |
| lie inferior to the parietal bones and join them at the squamous sutures | temporal bones |
| cranium is composed of what kind of bones | flatbones- 8 |
| canal that leads to the eardrum and the middle ear. it is the route by which sound enters the ear | external acoustic meatus |
| a sharp needlelike projection, is just inferior to the external auditory meatus many neck muscles use the is process as an attachment point | styloid process |
| superior and middle nasal conchae formed from its projection and site of sella turica | ethmoid |
| makes up the lateral and superior cranium | occipital |
| site of mastoid process and where middle ear is located, and site of external acoustic meatus | temporal bones |
| site of mental foramen and lower jaw | mandible |
| four bones containing paranasal sinus | sphenoid, ethmoid,frontal, maxillary |
| condyles articulate with the atlas and where the foramen magnum is located | occipital |
| nasal septum | vomer |
| bears an upward protrusion, the cocks comb or crista galla | ethmoid |
| makes up the lateral and superior cranium | occipital |
| site of mastoid process and where middle ear is located, and site of external acoustic meatus | temporal bones |
| site of mental foramen and lower jaw | mandible |
| four bones containing paranasal sinus | sphenoid, ethmoid,frontal, maxillary |
| condyles articulate with the atlas and where the foramen magnum is located | occipital |
| nasal septum | vomer |
| bears an upward protrusion, the cocks comb or crista galla | ethmoid |
| when a bone forms froma fibrous membrane, the process is called_______ossification | membraneous |
| what is found in the inner periosteum layer | osterblasts |
| what type of ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of a long bone | secondary |
| in appositional growth, bone reabsorption occurs on the ____ surface | endosteal |
| maturation of newly formed (noncalcified) bone matrix takes ____ days | 10 |
| structures that encloses the nerve cord | vertebral arch |
| provides levers for the muscles to pull against | spinous and transverse |
| provides an articulation point for the ribs | body and transverse |
| openings allowing spinal nerves to pass | intervertebral foramina |
| type of vertebra containing foramina in the transverse process, through which the vertebral arteries ascend to reach the brain | atlas,axis,cervical vertebra |
| its den provide a pivot for rotation of the first vervincal vertebra | axis |
| transverse processes have facets for articulation with ribs, spinous process points sharply down containing T1-T1 | thoracic vertebra |
| massive weight sustaining vertebra conting L1-L5 | lumbar vertebra |
| tail bone, vestigal fused vertebrae | coccyx |
| supports the head, allows rocking motion of the occipital condyles | atlas |
| twelve compenents unfused | thoracic vertebra |
| inverted discs are made up of | fibrocartilage |
| exaggerated thoracic curvature | kyphosis |
| vertebral colum is displaced | scoliosis |
| organs protected by the thoracic cage | lung and heart |
| ribs | 1-7true, and 8-12 are false, 11-12 are called floating |
| ribs articulate posteriorly with___ and most connect anteriorly to the ____ | thoracic vertebrae and sternam |
| bone found in the larynx and allows movement of the tongue | hyoid |
| raised area on lateral surface of humerus toshich delotid muscle attaches | deltoid tuberosity |
| point with scapula and clavicle connect | acromion |
| socket in the scapula for the arm bone | glenoid cavity |
| process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachemnet | coracoid process |
| distal media process of the humerus, joins the ulna | trochlea |
| rounded knob on the humerus that articulates with the radius | capitulum |
| anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, recieves part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed | coronoid fossa |
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bisonlea
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