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Anatomy final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aneurysmectomy | the surgical removal of an aneurysm |
| arteriectomy | the surgical removal of part of an artery |
| atherectomy | the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery |
| carotid endarterectomy | the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain |
| aplastic anemia | characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production |
| hemolytic anemia | a condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen |
| megaloblastic anemia | a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal |
| pernicious anemia | caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor(IF) that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract |
| sickle cell anemia | a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape |
| ACE inhibitors | (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension |
| antihypertensives | a medication administered to lower blood pressure |
| beta-blockers | reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heart beat |
| calcium channel blockers | cause the heart & blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures |
| diuretic | administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium & water |
| angiitis | AKA vasculitis) is the inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel |
| angiospasm | the tightening of blood vessels |
| angiostenosis | the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel |
| arteriosclerosis | (AKA hardening of the arteries) is any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening & the loss of elasticity of arterial walls |
| phlebitis | the inflammation of a vein |
| bacterial endocaridits | an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream |
| carditis | an inflammation of the heart |
| endocarditis | an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart |
| myocarditis | an inflammation of the myocardium |
| pericarditis | an inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac |
| allergen | which are substances that produce allergic reasctions |
| allergy | (AKA hypersensitivity) is an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen |
| antibody | a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen |
| antigen | any substance that the body regards as being foreign, & includes viruses, bacteria, toxins & transplanted tissues |
| immune reaction | (AKA antigen-antibody reaction) involves binding antigens to antibodies |
| bacilli | rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria is caused by the bacillus Clostridium tetani, & is transmitted through a cut or wound |
| rickettsia | (AKA Rocky Mountain spotted fever) is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks & mites |
| spirochetes | spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls & are capable of movement |
| staphylococci | a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes |
| streptococci | bacteria that form a chain |
| chickenpox | (AKA Varicella) is caused by the herpes virus Varicella zoster & is highly contagious |
| infectious mononucleosis | (AKA mono) is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus |
| rabies | an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal |
| rubella | (AKA German measles or 3-day measles) is a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes & a fine, pink rash |
| aneurysm | a localized weak spot, or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery |
| diastolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles are relaxed, is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery |
| deep vein thrombosis | (AKA deep venous thrombosis) is a condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein |
| orthostatic hypertension | high blood pressure that occurs upon standing up |
| orthostatic hypotension | low blood pressure that occurs upon standing |
| internal respiration | the exchange of gases within the cells of the body organs, cells & tissues |
| bronchopnumonia | a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles & surrounding alveoli |
| double pneumonia | lobar pneumonia involving both lungs, & is usually a form of bacterial pneumonia |
| lobar pneumonia | affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, lobes of a lung |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia | a milder but longer lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria, is sometimes referred as waling pneumonia |
| dyspnea | (AKA bad shortness of breath SOB)is difficult or labored breathing |
| eupnea | easy or normal breathing |
| hyperpnea | is commonly associated with exertion, is breathing that is deeper & more rapid than is normal at rest |
| hypopnea | shallow or slow respiration |
| tachypnea | an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute |
| acute nasopharyngitis | among the terms used to describe the common cold |
| bronchitis | an inflammation of the bronchi |
| bronchodilator | a medication that expands the opening of the passages into the lungs |
| bronchorrhea | an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi |
| pleurisy | (AKA pleuritis) is an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath |
| emphysema | the progressive loss of lung function that is characterized by (1)a decrease in the total number of alveoli (2)the enlargement of the remaining alveoli & (3)the progressive destruction of the walls of the remaining alveoli |
| epitaxis | (AKA nose bleed) is bleeding from the nose that is usually caused by an injury, excessive use of blood thinners or bleeding disorders |
| hemoptysis | coughing up blood or bloodstained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial hemorrhage |
| hemothorax | a collection of blood in the pleural cavity |
| cirrhosis | a progressive degenerative disease of the liver that is often caused by excessive alcohol use or by viral hepatitis B or C |
| xerostomia | (AKA dry mouth) is the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands |
| jaundice | a yellow discoloration of the skin, numous membranes & the eyes |
| colostomy | the surgical removal of all or part of the colon |
| gastric bypass | surgically makes the stomach smaller & causes food to bypass the first part of the small intestine |
| gastroduodenstomy | the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach & the duodenum |
| gastrostomy | a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach |
| ileostomy | the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum, at the end of the small intestine & the outside of the abdominal wall |
| aspiration pneumonia | can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs |
| rheumatoid arthritis | commonly known by its abbreviation RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints & some organs of other body systems are attacked |
| multiple sclerosis | a prograssive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath |
| lupus erythematosus | (AKA lupus) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a red, scaly rash on the face & upper trunk |
| graves' | an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism, is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos |
| Crohn's | (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in in the digestive tract |
| sarcoma | a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard tissues, soft tissues & liquid tissues |
| metastasize | the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another |
| metastasis | a new cancer site that results from the spreading process |
| carcinoma | a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue |
| carcinoma in situ | describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding |
| shingles | (AKA Herpes zoster) is an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve |
| systolic pressure | occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery |
| hemoglobin | the iron-containing pigment of the erythrocytes |
| idiopathic hypertension | consistently elevated blood pressure of unknown cause |
| immunodeficiency disorder | occurs when the immune response is compromised |
| CD | Crohn's Disease, contact dermatitis, communicable disease |
| HAV | hepatitis A virus |
| UC | ulcerative colitis |
| CRC | colorectal carcinoma |
| IBS | irritable bowel syndrome |
| atel/o | incomplete, imperfect |
| cyan/o | blue |
| phon/o | sound, voice |
| ectasis | stretching, dilation, enlargement |
| -pnea | breathing |
| Phagocytosis & what blood cells use this process? | the process of destroying pathogens by surrounding & swallowing them; white blood cells (WBC) |
| erythrocytes | (AKA red blood cells) are mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. The primary role of these cells is to transport oxygen to the tissues. |
| leukocytes | (AKA white blood cells) are the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms & foreign substances. |
| TB tests | Mantoux PPD skin test, tuberculin tine test |
| HIV tests | ELISA |
| Small intestine | duodenum, jejunum, ileum, Rugae, pylorus, pyloric sphincter |
| Large intestine | cecum, ileocecal sphincter, vermiform appendix, colon, ascending, transverse, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus |
| liver | secretes bile & enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats |
| gallbladder | store bile & releases it to the small intestine as needed |
| pancreas | secretes digestive juices & enzymes into small intestine as needed |
| spleen | filters foreign materials from the blood. Maintains the appropriate balance between cells & plasma in the blood. Destroys worn-out blood cells, releases hemoglobin, acts as a blood reservoir, & stores platelets. |
| triscupid valve | controls the opening between the right atrium & the right ventricle. |
| pulmonary semilunor valve | is located between the right ventricle & the pulmonary artery. |
| mitral valve | (AKA the biscuspid valve) is located between the left atrium & left ventricle. |
| aortic semilunar valve | is located between the left ventricle & the aorta. |
| lungs | which are the organs of respiration, are divided into lobes. |
| right lung | has 3 lobes: the superior, middle & inferior |
| left lung | has only 2 lobes: the superior & inferior. It is slightly smaller than the right lung because of the space taken up by the heart. |
| surfactant | a detergent-like substance produced by the lung, which reduces the surface tension. This allows the air to flow over the lungs & be absorbed more easily. |
| mediastium | is the cavity located between the lungs. This cavity contains connective tissue & organs, including the heart & its veins & arteries, the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, the thymus gland,& lymph nodes. |
| pleura | is a thin, moist & slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs & lines the inner surface of the rib cage |
| parietal pleura | is the outer layer of the pleura that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, covers the diaphragm, & forms the sac containing each lung. |
| visceral pleura | is the inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung. |
| pleural cavity | (AKA pleural space) is the airtight area between the layers of the pleural membranes. This space contains a thin layer of fluid that allows the membranes to slide easily during breathing. |
Created by:
Karen G.
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