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A&P - Ch 8
Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| site where 2+ bones meet | joints / articulations |
| focuses on material binding bones together & whether/not a joint cavity is present | structural classification |
| structural classifications of joints include | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
| based on amount of movement allowed by joint | functional classification |
| functional classifications of joints include | synarthroses, amphiarthroses, & diarthroses |
| immovable joints | synarthroses |
| slightly movable joints | amphiarthroses |
| freely movable joints | diarthroses |
| bones joined by fibrous tissues; no joint cavity; movement depends on length of fibers, most immovable; | fibrous joints |
| three types of fibrous joints include | sutures, syndesmoses, & gomphoses |
| occur btwn bones of skull; comprised of interlocking junctions, completely filled w/short connective tissue fibers; bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth | sutures |
| in middle age, sutures' fibrous tissue __ & skull bones __ | ossify; fuse |
| bones connected by a fibrous tissue ligaments/bands; movement variable depending on length of fibers | syndesmoses |
| examples of syndesmoses include | distal tibiofibular joint & interosseous membrane btwn radius & ulna |
| peg-in-socket fibrous joint | gomphoses |
| teeth bound to bony sockets where fibrous connection is periodontal ligament is | example of gomphoses |
| articulating bones are united by cartilage; lack joint cavity | cartilaginous joints |
| two types of cartilaginous joints include | synchondroses & symphyses |
| bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones; immovable joints | synchondroses |
| synchondroses include __ __ of children | epiphyseal plates |
| synchondroses include joint btwn __ __ of 1st rib & sternum | costal cartilage |
| hyaline cartilage covers articulating surface of bone & is fused to a pad of fibrocartilage | symphyses |
| symphyses are __ __ joints designed for strength & flexibility | slightly movable |
| __ joints & pubic symphysis of pelvis are examples of symphyses | intervertebral |
| are those joints in which articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity | synovial joints |
| synovial joints are all __ __ joints | freely movable |
| all __ __ & most joints of body are synovial joints | limb joints |
| covers articular surfaces of bones | articular cartilage |
| lubricates joint surfaces & reduces friction | synovial fluid |
| consists of outer fibrous capsule & inner synovial membrane | articular capsule |
| strengthen joints; unite bones & prevent undesirable motion | ligaments |
| discs of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces; make joint more stable e.g. knee joint | articular discs |
| another name for articular discs is | menisci |
| fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membranes containing synovial fluid; found where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones rub together | bursae |
| elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon | tendon sheath |
| structures of synovial joints that reduce friction include | bursae & tendon sheath |
| general structure of synovial joints include | articular cartilage, joint/synovial cavity, synovial fluid, articular capsule, ligaments |
| example of how shape of articular surfaces effect stability: shallow socket to decrease stability | glenoid cavity of scapula |
| example of how shape of articular surfaces effect stability: deep sockets provide greater stability | acetabulum of hip joint |
| the more ligaments the | stronger joint |
| stretch w/__ __ & can snap ligaments | undue tension |
| tendons that are kept tight at all times by | muscle tone |
| __ __ that cross joints stabilize muscle | muscle tendons |
| 2 muscle attachments across a joint are | origin & insertion |
| attachment to immovable bone | origin |
| attachment to movable bone | insertion |
| occurs when muscle contracts across joint, & insertion moves towards origin | movement |
| movement takes place around an __ & along __, __, or __planes | axis; transverse; frontal; sagittal |
| slipping movements only | nonaxial |
| movement in 1 plane | uniaxial |
| movement in 2 planes | biaxial |
| movement in all 3 planes | multiaxial |
| gliding, angular, & rotation are 3 general types of | movements |
| 1 flat bone surface slides over another; back & forth, side to side | gliding movements |
| intercarpal & intertarsal joints, as well as btwn flat articular processes of vertebrae are all | examples of gliding movements |
| increase/decrease angle btwn 2 bones; includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, circumduction | angular movements |
| bending movement, along sagittal plane, decrease angle of joint; brings articulating bones together | flexion |
| movement along sagittal plane that increases joint angle; reverse of flexion | extension |
| bending foot/ toes toward plantar surface | plantar flexion |
| upward movement (extension) of foot/toes or of hand/fingers | dorsiflexion |
| extension of a limb/part beyond normal limit; bending head backward beyond its upright position | hyperextension |
| movement of a limb away from midline along frontal plane; e.g.raising arm laterally | abduction |
| abduction in digits is movement __ __ midline of hand or foot | away from |
| movement of a limb toward midline, in frontal plane | adduction |
| adduction in digits is __ __ midline of hand or foot | movement towards |
| movement describes in circular direction; e.g. baseball pitcher winding up to throw a ball | circumduction |
| turning/movement of a body around its axis; btwn 1st 2 cervical vertebrae (‘no’ movement) & hip/shoulder joints | rotation |
| rotation of forearm such that palm of hand faces anteriorly to anatomic position; rotation of foot such that plantar surface of rotated upward | supination |
| specific rotational motion of forearm that moves palm into a down facing position, a specific rotational motion of foot in which plantar surface is rotated outward | pronation |
| turning inward, upside down, or in any direction contrary to existing one | inversion |
| turning outward, as of eyelid or foot | eversion |
| dentistry, extension of teeth/other maxillary/mandibular structures into a position anterior to normal | protraction |
| shrinking, drawing back, or pulling apart | retraction |
| act of assuming or being raised to an elevated position | elevation |
| displacement of a part downward or inward | depression |
| action taken when touch thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand; makes human hand fine tool for grasping & manipulating objects | opposition |
| synovial joint where articular surfaces are flat; allow only slipping/gliding movements; intercarpal & intertarsal joints; only examples of nonaxial joints | plane joints |
| synovial joint where cylindrical projection of 1 bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another; motion is along a single plane; elbow joint, interphalangeal joints, knee joint | hinge joints |
| synovial joint where rounded end of 1 bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring; joints btwn atlas & dens of axis & proximal radioulnar joint | pivot joints |
| synovial joint where oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another; both articular surfaces are oval; all angular motions possible; metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints & radiocarpal (wrist) joint | condyloid joints |
| synovial joint where similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement; each articular surface has both concave & convex surface; carpometacarpal joint of thumb | saddle joints |
| synovial joint where spherical or hemispherical head of 1 bone articulates w/cup-like socket of another; most freely moving synovial joints; shoulder & hip joints | ball-and-socket joints |
| hinge joint that allows flexion & extension; radius & ulna articulate w/humerus at | elbow joint |
| gripping of trochlea of humerus by trochlea notch of ulna that forms __ joint of elbow | hinge |
| joint capsule of elbow joint is thin anteriorly & posteriorly, allowing | flexion & extension |
| radial & ulna collateral ligaments. of elbow joint, limits | side to side movements |
| tendons crossing elbow joint provide | security |
| ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement; head of humerus articulates w/glenoid fossa of scapula | glenohumeral (shoulder) joint |
| weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by | thin, loose joint capsule, from margin of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus |
| weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by four ligaments __, & three __ | coracohumeral; glenohumeral |
| weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by long head of __ __, which travels through intertubercular sulcus & secures humerus against glenoid cavity | biceps' tendon |
| weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by rotator cuff (4 tendons) that encircle __ __ & blends w/articular capsule | shoulder joint |
| 4 tendons that encircle shoulder joint & blends w/articular capsule | rotator cuff |
| travels through intertubercular sulcus & secures humerus against glenoid cavity | tendon of long head of biceps |
| 1 coracohumeral, & 3 glenohumeral | ligament of shoulder joint |
| from margin of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus, exists a thin, loose __ __ | joint capsule |
| caused by stretch injuries in tennis & baseball players | rotator cuff injuries |
| anterior dislocation of head of humerus; caused by forceful abduction/fall on outstretched hand | shoulder dislocation |
| mandibular condyle articulates w/temporal bone (mandibular fossa) | temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
| depression & elevation of mandible | hinge movement of TMJ |
| lateral excursion, grinding of teeth | side-to-side movement of TMJ |
| mandibular condyle is braced against articular tubercle when mouth is | open wide |
| largest joint of body; allows flexion, extension, & some rotation; consists of 3 joints in 1 surrounded by a single joint cavity | knee joint |
| btwn patella & lower end of femur (plane joint) | femoropatellar joint |
| lateral & medial joints btwn femoral condyles & tibia (hinge joint) | tibiofemoral joint |
| __ __ of knee posteriorly & laterally only | articular capsule |
| patellar ligament; lateral & medial patellar retinacula; tibial & fibular & collateral ligaments are found __ in knee | anteriorly |
| continuation of tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle | lateral & medial patellar retinacula |
| prevent antero-posterior displacement of joint surfaces | anterior & posterior cruciate ligament(s) |
| (semilunar cartilages) of tibia- shock absorbers; prevent side-to-side rocking | lateral & medial menisci |
| common sports injuries from horizontal blows to knee, treated by repair/graft | collateral ligaments, cartilages (menisci), & cruciate ligaments |
| ball-and-socket joint; head of femur articulates w/acetabulum; good range of motion, but limited by deep socket & strong ligaments | hip joint |
| fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of acetabulum of hip bone; deepens cup | acetabular labrum |
| from rim of acetabulum to neck of femur, in hip joint | thick capsule |
| acetabular labrum, thick capsule, iliofemoral, pubofemoral & ischiofemoral ligaments, as well as muscles & tendons provide for | hip joint stability |
| partially/completely torn ligaments; injury to ligaments of a joint i.e. ankle, knee, lumbar spine | sprains |
| __ torn ligaments slowly repair themselves | partially |
| __ torn ligaments require surgery | completely |
| occur when bones are forced out of alignment, e.g. shoulder joint, TMJ; caused by falls & sports injuries | dislocations |
| partial dislocation of a joint | subluxation |
| tearing of knee menisci is example of | cartilage injury |
| inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow/friction | bursitis |
| bursitis of prepatellar bursa | housemaids knee |
| caused by fall on knee | bursitis of prepatellar bursa |
| olecranon bursitis | students elbow |
| inflammation of olecranon bursa, overlying prominence of elbow | olecranon bursitis |
| inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse; causes pain & swelling | tendinitis |
| characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, primary/2ndary to trauma/other conditions; exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, & restrict movement | osteoarthritis |
| osteoarthritis causes pain & loss of function result & most affected are | cervical & lumbar spine, knees, & hips, fingers, knuckles |
| osteoarthritis more prevalent in __ & is probably related to normal __ process | aged; aging |
| chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease; occurs btwn 40-50 years; begins w/synovitis | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus | synovitis |
| erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms; ossifies; fusing bone ends | pannus |
| end result of RA produces | deformities |
| deposition of uric acid crystals in joints & soft tissues, followed by inflammation; typically effects joint at the base of great toe (1st metatarsophalangeal joint) | gouty arthritis |
| joint - synarthrosis | immovable |
| joint - amphiarthrosis | slightly movable |
| joint - diarthrosis | freely movable |
| joint - synostosis | formed by fusion of 2 bones |
| flexion is __ angle btwn bones | decreasing |
| adduction is movement __ midline of body | towards |
| hyperextension is extending body __ anatomical position | past |
| protraction is movement of body part forward in a(n) __ __ | horizontal plane |
| elbow joint is a(n) __ joint | hinge |
| shoulder joint is a(n) __ joint | ball-and-socket |
| carpometacarpal joint is a(n) __ joint | saddle |
| radioulnar joint is a(n) __ joint | pivot |
| metacarpophalangeal joint is a(n) __ joint | condyloid |
| reinforces back of knee joint | popliteal ligaments |
| reinforces lateral surface of knee joint | fibular collateral ligament |
| range of motion for synovial joint for nonaxial | gliding |
| range of motion for synovial joint for uniaxial | 1 plane |
| range of motion for synovial joint for biaxial | 2 planes |
| range of motion for synovial joint for multiaxial | 3 planes |
| diarthrosis is a(n) __ joint | synovial |
| symphysis is a(n) __ joint | cartilaginous |
| syndesmosis is a(n) __ joint | fibrous |
| shoulder joint contains __ ligament(s) | coracohumeral |
| hip joint contains __ ligament(s) | iliofemoral |
| knee joint contains __ ligament(s) | cruciate |
| elbow joint contains __ ligament(s) | anular |
| radiocarpal joint is a(n) __ joint | ellipsoidal |
| intervertebral joint is a(n) __ joint | plane |
| multiaxial joint is a(n) __ joint | ball-and-socket |
| uniaxial joint is a(n) __ joint | pivot |
| abnormal fusion of bones, in a joint, as result of disease/damage | ankylosing spondylitis |
| general term for pain & stiffness that affects skeletal/muscular system | rheumatism |
| joint inflammation caused by deposit of urate salts in soft joint tissues | gouty arthritis |
| degenerative condition, most common in elderly | osteoarthritis |
| acromion of scapula & clavicle is considered a(n) | synovial, plane joint |
| scapula and humerus is considered a(n) | synovial, ball-and-socket joint |
| ulna & radius w/humerus is considered a(n) | synovial, hinge joint |
| radius and ulna is considered a(n) | synovial, pivot joint |
| radius & proximal carpals is considered a(n) | synovial, condyloid joint |
| prevents hyperextension of knee | extracapsular collateral ligaments |
| prevents lateral/medial rotation when knee extended | fibular & tibial collateral ligaments |
| prevents forward sliding of tibia & checks hyperextension of knee | anterior cruciate ligaments |
| prevents backward displacement of tibia, &/or forward sliding of femur | posterior cruciate ligaments |
| exemplify movements of temporomandibular joint | elevation-depression |
| exemplify movements of radioulnar joint | pronation-supination |
| exemplify movements of coxal joint | circumduction of thigh |
| exemplify movements of ankle joint | dorsiflexion-plantar flexion |
| torn ligament/tendon, sometimes w/damage to meniscus/other cartilage | sprain |
| inflammation of joint capsule, often as complication of sprain | synovitis |
| displacement of bone from its normal position at joint; usually accompanied by sprain of adjoining connective tissues | dislocation |
| articular cartilage is smooth, slippery __ cartilage | hyaline |
| articular capsule is composed of __ & __ layers | fibrous; synovial |
| synovial fluid is secreted into joint & contains large amounts of __ __ | hyaluronic acid |
| reinforcing ligaments can be __ | intrinsic |
| flexion is a movement permitted by the __ joint | elbow |
| plantar flexion is pointing __ downward | toes |
| inversion is turning sole of foot __ | medially |
| eversion is movement permitted by __ joint | atlantoaxial |
| example of pivot joint is the proximal __ joint | radioulnar |
| example of ball-and-socket joint is the __ joint | glenohumeral |
| example of hinge joint is the __ joint | interphalangeal |
| example of condyloid joint is the __ joint | metatarsophalangeal joint |
| opening your mouth exemplifies | depression |
| shrugging your shoulders exemplifies | elevation |
| touching your chin to your chest exemplifies | flexion |
| shaking your head no exemplifies | rotation |
| turning the palm up exemplifies | supination |
| turning the palm down exemplifies | pronation |
| turning sole of foot medially exemplifies | inversion |
| turning sole of foot laterally exemplifies | eversion |
| a fibrocartilage disc | menisci |
| synovial sac | bursa |
| bone to bone attachment | ligament |
| muscle to bone attachment | tendon |
| syndesmosis is a(n) | ligamentous connection, such as that between the bones of the lower leg |
| adduction is a(n) | movement towards the midline of the body |
| all synovial joints are | freely movable diarthroses |
| inversion is a(n) | twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward |
| a synarthrosis is a(n) | immovable joint |
| bursae are common in sites where ligaments, muscles, skin, or muscle tendons | overlie & rub against bone |
| bursae would not be located | around blood vessels |
| flexion occurs when | angle btwn bones is decreased |
| in an monoaxial articulation movement can occur | in only one axis |
| osteoarthritis is a(n) | non-inflammatory type of arthritis |
| osteoarthritis is referred to as | degenerative joint disease or "wear-and-tear arthritis" |
| example of a saddle joint | carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb |
| shoulder joint is the | joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body |
| anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments attach to anterior & posterior | intercondylar area of the tibia respectively |
| anterior cruciate ligament prevents | forward sliding of the tibia |
| posterior cruciate ligament prevents | backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur |
| synovial fluid has a(n) __ __ to reduce friction btwn articular cartilages | viscous consistency |
| example of a synchondrosis | epiphyseal growth plate |
| movement of a joint could potentially damage | blood vessels by pinching them btwn bones |
| there are no blood vessels inside joint cavities of synovial joints because | movement would damage the delicate blood vessels |
| joints btwn ribs & sternum are connected by | cartilage & are thus cartilaginous joints |
| only joint in the body that can oppose | thumb |
| osseous components of a joint are not used to | structurally classify a joint |
| knee joints have a(n) | joint space |
| caused by the synovial fluid in a synovial joint | weeping lubrication |
| presence of tendon sheaths and bursae would not provide | stability to a synovial joint |
| ligaments be stretched up to 6% of their length and | not snap |
| considered simplest synovial joint movement | gliding of ribs on articular facet of vertebra |
| example of circumduction movement | pitcher winding up to throw ball |
| force to knee that would be considered most dangerous | lateral force to extended knee |
| knee can absorb __ __ up to 7x body weight | vertical force |
| tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii | "superstabilizer" of the shoulder joint |
| factor that contributes the most to the stability of the hip joint | deep socket that encloses the femoral head |
| provides the most stability to the elbow | ulnar trochlear notch |
| bursitis of the prepatellar bursa causes | water on the knee |
| is thought to contribute to the development of osteoarthritis | release of enzyme metalloproteinase |
| abduction and adduction always refer to movements of | appendicular skeleton |
| menisci are attached only at the outer margins of the knee & are | common athletic injuries |
| synovial joints are typically found at the ends of | long bones |
| pivot joints only permit | rotation |
| knee is a(n) | freely movable synovial joint of the diarthrotic type |
| protraction | non-angular anterior movement in a transverse plane |
| depression | occurs when the movement of the body part is downward |
| only example of gomphosis is the articulation of a(n) | tooth with its bony alveolar socket |
| pubic symphysis represents | amphiarthrotic articulation |
| suture is an example of | a synarthrosis |
| dislocation | common injury at the glenohumeral joint |
| metacarpophalangeal joints are | biaxial, condylar joints |
| because it has a loose joint capsule, the TMJ is | one of the easiest joints in the body to dislocate |
| gomphosis is classified as a(n) | fibrous joint |
| symphyses and synchondroses are classified as | cartilaginous joints |
| pivot joints are classified as | synovial joints |
| in sutures, bony edges | interlock |
| in syndesmoses, bones connected | exclusively by ligaments |
| gomphoses are __ fibrous joint | peg-in-socket |
| in synchondroses, plate of hyaline cartilage | unites bones |
| in symphyses, fibrocartilage is | main connecting material |
| all joints of __ are classified as synovial joints | limbs |
| muscle tone is a natural contributor to | joint stability |
| lubrication of joints | role of synovial fluid |
| bursae | flattened fibrous sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures |
| nonaxial movement | slipping movements only |
| extension is the __ of flexion | reverse |
| supination | refers to movement of radius around ulna when palms of hands are rotated so that palms are facing upward |
| example of elevation & depression | shrugging one's shoulders |
| knuckle joints are | typical condyloid joints |
| shoulder & hip are | typical ball-and-socket joints |
| elbow is | typical hinge joint |
| suture joint is __ a synovial joint | not |
| oblique popliteal ligament | stabilizes the posterior aspect of the knee joint |
| patellar ligament | connects the kneecap (patella) to the tibia |
| patellar ligament can be tapped to generate | knee-jerk reflex |
| fibular and tibial collateral ligaments | critical in preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended |
| size of the glenoid cavity | contributes to instability of shoulder joint |
| depth of the socket in a ball-and-socket joint | usually affects joint stability |
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lfrancois
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