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Ch.12/MED 126
The Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The thoracic cavity is located between the lungs in the space called the? | Mediastinum |
| The base is superior or inferior? | Superior |
| The base is located _______ to sternum? | Posterior |
| ___________ enter and exit at the base? | Greater vessels |
| The apex is superior or inferior? | Inferior |
| The apex is located just superior to the? | Diaphragm |
| The apex is located just left of the? | Midline |
| The strongest heartbeat is found here? | Apex |
| What are serous and fibrous membranes surrounding the heart? | Pericardial membranes |
| The fibrous pericardium is made up of ___________ tissue? | Fibrous connective |
| What is very tough and the outermost of the 3 layers of the pericardial membrane called? | Fibrous pericardium |
| The serous pericardium contains __ layers of serous membrane? | 2 |
| What lines the fibrous pericardium? | Parietal pericardium |
| What is AKA epicardium and covers the heart? | Visceral pericardium |
| Why is serous fluid secreted by both serous membranes? | To decrease friction between them |
| What is the heart muscle called? | Myocardium |
| What is the simple squamous epithelium the lines the 4 chambers, valves, and vessels (endothelium) | Endocardium |
| The endocardium is very smooth to prevent? | Clotting |
| What do the valves prevent? | Backflow |
| The upper chambers of the heart are called? | Atria (s. atrium) |
| What is the wall that separates the atria? | Interatrial septum |
| The right atrium receives blood from the 2 large ____________? | Caval veins |
| The superior vena cava receives blood from the _______ body? | Upper |
| The inferior vena cava receives blood from the _______ body? | Lower |
| The right atrium pumps blood to the _________ through the right _______ valve, AKA tricuspid valve? | Right ventricle, atrial ventricular (AV) |
| The endocardium of the tricuspid valve is reinforced with ________ tissue? | Connective |
| The tricuspid valve has __ cusps (flaps)? | 3 |
| The left atrium receives blood from the ______ from the 4 pulmonary veins? | Lungs |
| The left atrium pumps to the ________ the the ___ valve (AKA bicuspid or mitral valve)? | Left ventricle, AV |
| Atria produces a hormone called? | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
| ANP also known as ANH (atrial natriuretic hormone) helps maintain? | Blood pressure |
| ANP ______ reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys which ______ BP? | Decreases, decreases |
| What hormone is the antagonist to ANP? | Aldosterone |
| ANP is stimulated by? | Stretching of the atrial walls |
| The lower chambers of the heart are called? | Ventricles |
| The wall that separates ventricles is called? | Interventricular septum |
| Cells produce _______(BNP) which functions like ANP? | B-type natriuretic peptide |
| The right ventricle pumps blood to the ______ through the ______ (AKA semilunar valve) | Lungs, pulmonary |
| What are strands of fibrous connective tissue that attach to the bottom of the AV valves? | Chordae tendineas |
| What are projections of muscles off of the ventricular wall that attach to the other end of the chordae tendineae? | Papillary muscles |
| Papillary muscles contract to prevent _________ of the AV valve? | Prolapse or inversion |
| The right ventricle walls are thinner or thicker than the left ventricle walls? | Thinner |
| The left ventricle walls are thicker or thinner myocardium than the right ventricle? | Thicker |
| The left ventricle pumps blood to the ______ through the _______ valve? | Aorta, aortic semilunar |
| What is the fibrous connective tissue that anchors the valves and the great vessels at the base called? | Fibrous skeleton |
| The fibrous skeleton separates the atria from the? | Ventricles |
| The fibrous skeleton insulates? | The electrical system |
| What are the vessels that feed the heart muscle itself called? | Coronary vessels |
| The coronary arteries branch off of the? | Ascending aorta |
| The coronary arteries bring ________ blood? | Oxygenated |
| The coronary arteries branch to become capillaries then converge to become? | Veins |
| Blockage of the coronary arteries can cause? | Ischemia (lack of blood) |
| What is a prolonged ischemia that causes tissue death called? | Infarct (heart attack, myocardial infarction) |
| The coronary veins return deoxygenated blood to the? | Right atrium |
| What is the sequence of events in one heartbeat called? | Cardiac cycle |
| The cardiac cycle is simultaneous contraction of both _____ followed by simultaneous contraction of both _________? | Atria, ventricles |
| What is contraction of a chamber called? | Systole |
| What is relaxation of a chamber called? | Diastole |
| The _____ systole (lub) is followed by _______ systole (dub)? | Atrial, ventricular |
| Improper closing of the valves is called? | Murmur |
| What is the electrical system of the heart that regulates the rate, rhythm, and sequence of the muscle contraction called? | Cardiac conduction pathway |
| The pacemaker of the heart is called? | Sinoatrial (SA) node |
| What are specialized muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium called? | SA node |
| The SA node depolarizes faster than other cells because? | The cells are more permeable to sodium |
| After the SA node depolarizes, the signal travels to the? | Atrioventricular (AV) node |
| What is located in the lower interatrial septum? | AV node |
| What carries the signal from the AV node to the bundle branches? | Atrioventricular (AV) bundle AKA bundle of His |
| The AV bundle is located in the? | Upper interventricular septum |
| What are right and left bundle branches that take the signal from the AV bundle to the purkinje fibers? | Bundle branches |
| The purkinje fibers bring the signal to the? | Ventricles |
| What measures the electrical activity of the heart? | Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
| What is irregular heartbeats called? | Arrhythmias |
| What is the conscious awareness of arrythmias called? | Palpatation |
| What is the uncoordinated contraction called? | Fibrilation |
| Fibrilation can be atrial or ventricular, but _________ are much more serious? | Ventricular |
| What is the measurement of the HR at a vessel called? | Pulse |
| What is the normal HR at rest for adults? | 60-80 BPM |
| What is less than 60 BPM called? | Bradycardia |
| What is more than 100 BPM called? | Tachycardia |
| Children can be ___ BPM? | 100 |
| Infants can be ___ BPM? | 120 |
| Near term fetuses can be ___ BPM? | 140 |
| Athletes can be as low as __ BPM? | 35 |
| What is the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one minute called? | Cardiac output |
| The cardiac output varies based on? | Activity |
| What is the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat called? | Stroke volume |
| The average stroke volume is __ to __ mL? | 60-80 |
| Cardiac output = ? | Stroke volume x HR |
| What does Starling's law state? | As cardiac muscle fibers are stretched the more forcefully they contract |
| What is the difference between resting output and maximum output in liters called? | Cardiac reserve |
| What is the percent of blood in the ventricle that is pumped called? | Ejection fraction |
| The average ejection fraction is __ to __%? | 60-70 |
| The CNS has the ability to influence the ____ of contraction? | Rate |
| The _______ contains 2 cardiac centers? | Medulla |
| The medulla contains 2 cardiac centers called the? | Accelerator center and inhibitory center |
| The accelerator center is carried by the? | SNS |
| The inhibitory center is carried by the? | PSNS |
| The pressoreceptors/baroreceptors detect? | Pressure in the arteries |
| The pressoreceptors/baroreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic? | Sinuses |
| What detects oxygen content in the blood? | Chemoreceptors |
| The chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic? | Bodies |
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laceylake
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