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Chapter 11
Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The blood consists of __________, __________, and __________. | RBCs, WBCs, platelets. |
| The amount of blood within the body ___________ with the size of a person. | Varies. |
| The amount of blood within the body is in the range of _____ to _____ liters. | 4-6. |
| The blood cells make up _____ to _____ of the total blood. | 38%-48%. |
| The blood plasma makes up _____ to _____ of the total blood. | 52%-62%. |
| The normal pH range of blood is ____ to ____. | 7.35-7.45 |
| The pH range is slightly ________. | Alkaline. |
| The viscosity of blood refers to it's _______. | Thickness. |
| The presence of ________ and ________ make blood more viscous than water. | Blood cells, Plasma proteins. |
| Blood plasma is approximately ___ water. | 91% |
| The water of plasma is a ________. | Solvent. |
| Substances may _______ in the water of plasma and be transported. | Dissolve. |
| Two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma are ________ and ________. | Nutrients, waste products. |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of ________ ions. | Bicarbonate. |
| The chemical form of Bicabonate is _____. | HCO3- |
| The plasma protein _______ is the most abundant plasma protein. | Albumin. |
| The plasma protein _______ is only synthesized by the liver. | Albumin. |
| The plasma protein _______ pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume. | Albumin. |
| The _________ help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture. | Clotting factors. |
| The _________ include fibrinogen and prothrombin. | Clotting factors. |
| The _________ are synthesized only by the liver. | Clotting factors. |
| The plasma protein ________ include antibodies. | Glogulins. |
| The _________ are synthesized by lymphocytes ot by the liver. | Glogulins. |
| The plasma protein ________ include carrier molecules for fats in the blood. | Glogulins. |
| The term hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which _________ are formed. | Blood cells. |
| Blood cells are formed in ________ tissue. | Hemopoietic. |
| The primary hemopoietic tissue is ________. | Red bone marrow. |
| Red bone marrow is found in ________ and _______ bones. | Flat, irregular. |
| In the red bone marrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called a _________. | Stem cell. |
| Stem cells constantly undergo the process of ________ to produce new cells. | Mitosis. |
| The types of blood cells formed in red bone marrow are ________, ________, and ________. | RBCs, WBCs, platelets. |
| Lymphatic tissue is found in __________ organs. | Lymphatic. |
| The lymphatic organs are the _______, _______, and _______. | Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland. |
| The stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCs called _________. | Lymphocytes. |
| RBCs are also called _________. | erythrocytes. |
| Erythrocytes (RBCs) are formed in ____________. | Red bone marrow. |
| The major cellular structure mature RBCs lack is a ________. | Nucleus. |
| The center of a RBC is ________ than the edge. | Thinner. |
| The oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs is ________. | Hemoglobin. |
| The oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is ________. | Iron. |
| RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through the ________ capillaries. | Pulmonary. |
| The pulmonary capillaries are in the _______. | Lungs. |
| RBCs release oxygen in ________ capillaries. | Systemic. |
| The major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ________ in the blood. | Oxygen. |
| The term ________ means lack of oxygen/low blood oxygen level. | Hypoxia. |
| When hypoxia occurs the kidneys produce a hormone called_________. | Erythropoietin. |
| Erythropoietin stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of ________ production. | RBC. |
| In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a ________. | Normoblasts. |
| The stage in which fragments of ER are present is called a ________. | Reticulocyte. |
| When immature RBCs are present in large numbers of circulating blood, it means that there are not enough ______ to transport sufficient _________ throughout the body. | Mature RBCs, oxygen. |
| The nutrients needed for RBC formation include ________ and ________. | Protein, iron. |
| The extrinsic factor is ________. | Vitamin B12. |
| Vitamin B12 is needed for the synthesis of _____ by the stem cells in the red bone marrow. | DNA. |
| The intrinsic factor is produced by the lining of the ________(organ). | Stomach. |
| The function of the intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of ________ and promote its absorbtion in the ________ intestine. | Vitamin B12, small. |
| The life span of RBCs is approximately ____ days. | 120. |
| Macrophages(RE cells) that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the ________, ________, and ________. | Liver, spleen, red bone marrow. |
| The iron from old RBCs may be stored in the ________. | Liver. |
| The iron from old RBCs that is not stored in the liver may be transported to the __________ for the synthesis of new ________. | Red bone marrow, hemoglobin. |
| The globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to __________. | Amino acids. |
| Amino acids may be used in the process of __________. | Protein synthesis. |
| The heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to _________. | Bilirubin. |
| Bilirubin is considered to be a _________. | Waste product. |
| Bilirubin is removed from circulation by the ________(organ) and excreted to ________. | Liver, bile. |
| The colon eliminates bilirubin in ________. | Feces. |
| When the blood level of bilirubin rises, the whites of the eyes appear yellow. This is called ________. | Jaundice. |
| The range of a normal RBC count is ____ to ____ million cells/mL | 4.5 - 6.0 |
| The range of a normal hematocrit(Hct) is ____ to ____. | 38%-48% |
| The range of a normal hemoglobin(Hb) level is ____ to ____ grams g/100mL. | 12-18. |
| The two most important RBC types are the ____ group and the ____ factor. | ABO, Rh. |
| The ABO group contains four blood types, which are ___, ___, ___, and ___. | A, B, AB, O. |
| The Rh factor is another ____ antigen; and is often called ___. | RBC, D. |
| A person who is Rh positive has this D antigen on the ____. | RBCs. |
| A person who is Rh ________ does not have the D antigen on the RBCs. | Negative. |
| White blood cells are also called ________. | Luekocytes. |
| The five kinds of WBCs are in two groups called ________ and ________. | Granular, agranular. |
| The granular WBCs are the ________, ________, and ________. | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. |
| A ________ is a immature neutrophil. | Band cell. |
| The agranular WBCs are the ________ and ________. | Lymphocytes, monocytes. |
| WBCs have ________ present when the cells mature. | Nuclei. |
| The general function of WBCs is to protect the body from _________and to provide _________. | Infection, immunity. |
| What is the most abundant phagocyte? | Neutrophils. |
| What WBC becomes macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue. | Monocytes. |
| What lymphocyte helps recognize foreign antigens? | T lymphocytes. |
| These lymphocytes become plasma cells that produce antibodies. | B lymphocytes. |
| Basophils contain _________ to prevent abnormal blood clotting. | Heparin. |
| Basophils contain _________, which contributes to inflammation. | Histamine. |
| The WBCs that detoxify foreign proteins. | Eosinphils. |
| The range of normal WBC count is _____ to _____ cells/mL. | 5,000 - 10,000. |
| A high WBC count is called _________. | Leukocytosis. |
| Leukocytosis often indicates ________. | Infection. |
| A low WBC count is called _________. | Leukopenia. |
| The normal range for Neutrophils is ____ to ____. | 55% to 70%. |
| The normal range for Lymphocytes is ____ to ____. | 20% to 35%. |
| The normal range for Monocytes is ____ to ____. | 3% to 8%. |
| The normal range for Eosinophils is ____ to ____. | 1% to 3%. |
| The normal range for Basophils is ____ to ____. | 0.5% to 1%. |
| HLA are antigen found on _____. | WBCs. |
| The normal purpose of HLA what? | To provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize foreign objects. |
| Platelets are also called ________. | Thrombocytes. |
| The platelets thrombocytes are formed in ________. | Red bone marrow. |
| Platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called ________. | Megakaryocytes. |
| What is produced by the liver and increases the rate of platelet formation? | Thrombopoeitin. |
| The function of platelets is the ________ of ________ loss. | Prevention, blood. |
| There are _______ mechanisms of hemostasis. | Three. |
| The three mechanisms of hemostasis are ________, ________, and ________. | Vascular spasm, platelet plugs, chemical clotting. |
| Vascular spasm is the mecahism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ________ or ________. | Ruptured, cut. |
| What tissue in arteries and veins permits them to constrict? | Smooth muscle. |
| Smooth muscle contracts in response to ________. | Serotonin released by platelets. |
| Platelet plugs are the only effective mechaism for rupture of ________(type of vessel). | Capillaries. |
| The range of a normal platelet count is _____to _____ cells/mL. | 150,000 - 300,000. |
| The term for a low platelet count is ________. | Thrombocytopenia. |
| The stimulus for chemical clotting is ________ surface within a vessel or a break in a vessel that also creates a _______ surface. | Rough, rough. |
| The clotting factors prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the _________. | Liver. |
| Prothrombin and fibrinogen circulate in the ________ until activated in the clotting mechanism. | Blood plasma. |
| The vitamin necessary for prothrombin synthesis is ________. | Vitamin K. |
| Most vitamin K is produced by the bacteria in the persons own ________. | Colon. |
| The mineral necessary for chemical clotting is ________. | Calcium. |
| The body stores calcium in the ________. | Bones. |
| Stage 1 of chemical clotting involves chemical factors released by ________ and other chemicals from ________ tissues. | Platelets, damaged. |
| The result of stage 1 is the formation of ________. | Prothrombin activator. |
| In stage 2 prothrombin acivator converts prothrombin to _______. | Thrombin. |
| In stage 3 thrombin converts fibrinogen to ________. | Fibrin. |
| The clot itself is made of ________. | Fibrin. |
| The fibrin forms a mesh over the break in the ________. | Vessel. |
| The process of clot ________ pulls the edges of the break in the vessel together. | Retraction. |
| Once a clot has accomplished its function, it is dissolved in a process called ________. | Fibrinolysis. |
| The endothelium(simple squamous) epithelium that lines blood vessels is very smooth and ________ platelets. | Repels. |
| An anticoagulant produced by basophils is ________. | Heparin.. |
| Antithrombin is produced by the _______ to inactivate excess thrombin. | Liver. |
| If excess thrombin is not activated, clotting may become a _________ cycle of harmful clotting. | Viscious. |
| The term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel is ________. | Thrombus. |
| The term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel is _________. | Embolism. |
| The general functions of blood are ________, ________, and _________. | Transportation, regulation, protection. |
| The blood is a transportation system for ________, ________, _________, __________. | Nutrients, waste products, gases, hormomes. |
| Blood helps regulate _________. | Body temperature. |
| White blood cells protect against _________. | Pathogens. |
| Blood is _____ to _____ blood cells called ________. | 38%-48%, formed elements. |
| The liquid part plasma makes up ____ to ____ of the blood. | 52%-62%. |
| Arterial blood is bright _____ because of oxygen. | Red. |
| Veinus blood is ________ and looks blue under the skin. | Darker. |
| The pH of venous blood is usually slightly ________ because of carbon dioxide. | Lower. |
| Blood is 3 to 5 times _________ thicker than water. | Thicker. |
| Plasma is the ________ part of blood. | Liquid. |
| Plasma is 91% ________. | Water. |
| Plasma proteins contain the clotting factors ________, and ________. | Prothrombin, fibrinogen. |
| Prothrombin and fibrinogen are syntesized by the ________. | Liver. |
| Albumin is the most _________ plasma protein and is synthesized by the ________. | Abundant, liver. |
| Albumin contributes to __________ pressure. | Colloid osmotic. |
| Albumin pulls tissue(interstitial) fluid to the _________. | Capillaries. |
| The globulins Alpha and Beta are made in the _______. | Liver. |
| Alpha and Beta globulins are carriers for _________ and other molecules. | Fat. |
| Gamma(antigens) produced by lymphocytes initiate ________. | Immunity. |
| Blood can be redirected to various parts of the body to distribute _________ to or from areas by ________ or ________ vessels. | Heat, dialating, constricting. |
| Blood cells are produced from _________. | Stem cells. |
| Stem cells are in _________ tissue. | Hemopoietic. |
| Red blood cells are found in _________ bone. | Spongy. |
| Spongy bone located in _________ bones and ________ of _________ bones. | Flat, epiphysis, long. |
| Lymphocytes mature in or are produced in _________ tissue from ________ cells. | Lymphatic, stem. |
| Lymphocytes can be found in the ________, ________, and _________. | Spleen, Thymus gland, lymph nodes. |
| T-lymphocytes are produced from stem cells in the ________. | Thymus. |
| RBCs are the only cell with no __________. | Neucleus. |
| The RBCs neucli __________ during development. | Disintegrates. |
| Hematocrit is a measurement of ______. | RBCs. |
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