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A&P ch 22 lymphatic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the lymphatic system | it consists of lymph, interstitial(tissue) fluid, lymphatics, lymph nodes, isolated nodules of lymphatic tissue, tonsils, thymus & spleen |
| what is IF | Interstitial |
| what are lymph | it is clear, watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels |
| What is interstitial fluid | it is a complex and organized material that fills spaces between cells |
| what is ECF | extracellular fluid |
| what makes up ECF | interstitial fluid & blood |
| lymph and IF are similar to what | Blood plasma |
| plasma contains__concentration of proteins | higher |
| what is the different btwn lymph in thoracic duct and most IF | lymph in thoracic duct twice high protein conc. as most IF |
| what direction does lymph go in the body | goes in one direction way |
| lymphatic vessels begin as what in tissues spaces | blind-end capillaries |
| what are the two lymphatic ducts | thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct |
| where does thoracic duct drain | into left subclavian vein |
| where does right lymphatic duct drains | into right subclavian vein |
| what are lacteals | lymphatics orginating in intestinal villi |
| lacteal contain what after a fatty meal which has milky lymph called | chlye |
| what are the lymphatic vessels | thinner walled than veins, has more valves lymph nodes are located at intervals |
| what are the functions o lymphatic vessels | drain interstitial fluid transport dietary lipids, facilitate immune response |
| how does lymphatic vessels drain interstitial fluid | they return water & protein from IF to blood |
| How does lymphatic vessels transport dietary lipida | lacteals absorb fats & other nutrient |
| how fast does lymph in lymphatic vessels | avg @ 125 ml/hr |
| what are the mechanisms that contribute to the effectiveness of lymphatic pump | breathing movement, skeletal muscle contractions, arterial pulsations,contraction of lymphatic walls |
| what are lymph nodes | lymphatic tissue, separated into compartments by fibrous partitions |
| what are afferent lymphatics | they enter each node |
| what are efferent lymphatics | they leave each node |
| what are lymph usually located in | clusters |
| what do lymph nodes do | filter out injurious substances & phagocytose, site of formation of lymphocytes & monocytes |
| where is the thymus located | in mediastinum extends into the lower neck |
| the size of the thymus | relatively largest in comparison to body size @ about 2yrs of age; absolutely largest @ puberty, after which it gradually atrophies; almost disapears by advanced age |
| what are the function of the thymus | forms lymphocytes before birth produces and distributes T-cells involved in cell-mediated immunity |
| where is the spleen located | in the left hypchondriac |
| what is the structure of the spleen | similiar to lymph nodes; ovoid in shape; size varies;contains numerous venous blood spaces that serve as blood reservoir |
| what is the function of the spleen | defense-protection by phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells and antibody formation by some lymphocytes |
| what are the different types of tonsils | pharyngeal(adenoid), palatine, lingual |
| where are they located, Pharyngeal,palatine, lingual | pharyngeal-posterior wall of nasopharynx palatine-tonsillar fossa btwn arches lingual-base of tongue |
| what are the function of tonsils | produces lymphocytes and antibodies; act on foreign substances that are inhaled or ingested |
| what is resistance | ability to ward off disease |
| what is susceptibility | vulnerability or lack of resistance |
| what is nonspecific resistance | inherited, provides general response against wide variety of organisms |
| what is specific resistance(immunity) | production of specific antibody to fight specific pathogens; developed |
| what are the mechanical factors | skin, mucus membranes,lacrimal apparatus saliva, flow of urine |
| what does skin do | wards off entrance of # of pathogens |
| what does mucus membranes do | traps microbes & foreign substances, may aided by hairs(nose) cilia |
| what does lacrimal apparatus | washing action of tears helps keep microbes from settling on eyes |
| what does saliva do | washes microbes from teeth |
| what does the flow of urine do | keeps microbes from expanding in urinary tract |
| what are the chemical factors | sebum,sudoriferous glands, & gastric juice |
| what does sebum | forms protective layer over surface of skin; an unsaturated fatty acid in sebum inhibits growth of some pathogenic bacteria & fungi |
| what does sudoriferous glands do | produce perspiration which helps wash microorganisms from surface of skin; also contains lysozyme which breaks down cell walls of some bacteria |
| what does gastric juices do | has high acidity which destroys bacteria in stomach |
| what are the types of phagocytes | Granulocytes(neutrophils), macrophages |
| what are macrophages | enlarged monocytes which leave bloodstream-some may wander while other remain in certain tissue & are fixed |
| phagocytosis work by what | chemotaxis, Adherence, ingestion, digestion |
| what is chemotaxis | phagocytes are attracted to microorganisms by chemicals |
| what is adherence | attachment of cell membrane of phagocyte to surface of microorganism; may involve opsonization to enhance attachment of phagocyte |
| what is opsonization | coating of microorganism with plasma proteins complement |
| what is ingestion | involves pseudopod extension by phagocyte forming phagocytic vesicle |
| what is digestion | fusion of phagocytic vesicles with lysosome; enzymes of lysosome destroy microorganisms |
| what are natural killer cells | population of lymphocytes with ability to kill wide variety of microbes plus some tumor cells;found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow & blood |
| what is inflammation | localized response of cells damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents |
| what are the 4 cardinal symptoms of inflammation | redness, pain, heat & swelling; fifth can be loss of function injured area |
| immunity is ?? | specific disease resistance |
| what is an antigen | any chemical substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the body to produce specific antibodies or specific cells(T-cells), which can react with the antigen |
| what is immunogenicity | ability to stimulate formation of specific antibodies (provoke an immune response) |
| what is reactivity | ability of antigen to react with produced antibodies or cells |
| what are characteristics of Antigens | form of protein or large polysaccharide;entire or part of microbe may b be antigenic;may contain antigenic determinant sites on it surface;determinant site that has reactivity but not immunogenicity is called a partial antigen or hapten |
| what are ABS | antibodies |
| what are antibodies | protein produced by body in response to presence of antigen & capable of combining specifically with the antigen |
| antibodies belong to what groups of protein | immunoglobulins, they are 5 classes(MADGE) |
| What are the structure of antibodies | Two heavy(H) chains-consits of more than 400 amino acid, Two light (L) chains-consists of 200 amino acid |
| What are the two regions of antibodies | variable portion-contains antigen binding site; constant portion-which is the same for all members of a class |
| What is cellular(cell-mediated)immunity | effective against fungi, parasites, intracellular viral infections, cancer cells & foreign tissue transplants |
| cellular immunity are | Helper T cells ,cytotoxic (killer) T cells, suppressor T cells Memory T cells |
| what are Helper T cells | developed from CD4 + cells; aid in antibody production & secrete interleukin-2 which stimulates production of cytotoxic T cells |
| what are cytotoxic(killer) T cells | develop from CD8+cells; leave lymphoid tissue & travel to invading cell & destroy it; several chemicals released |
| what are suppressor T cells | shut down some activities of immune system after several weeks |
| what are Memory T cells | recognize the original invading antigen, initiate swifter reaction on 2nd exposure..<long Lived> |
| what is Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity | effective against bacterial & viral infections |
Created by:
toluwani
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