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LAB 17 - BIO 162
Skeletal and Muscle systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hydrostatic Skeleton | Consists of internal body fluids within a limited space |
| Exoskeleton | A rigid structure formed external to the body and attached to the body surface |
| Chitin | The substance that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods |
| Molting | The shedding of the exoskeleton |
| Endoskeleton | A skeleton of rigid components inside an animals body |
| Cartilage | Flexible connective tissue |
| Calcareous | Calcium-containing |
| Ligaments | Tough fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
| Diaphysis | The large shaft of bone |
| Epiphysis | The two “stubs” at the end of the bone |
| Articular Cartilage | Reduces friction in the joins and protects the ends of the bone |
| Periosteum | The tough membrane containing blood vessels that penetrate the bone |
| Spongy bone | The bone in the epiphysis |
| Compact Bone | The bone surrounding the spongy bone in the epiphysis and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis |
| Medullary Cavity | A hollow cavity in the diaphysis which holds bone marrow |
| Red marrow | Fills the spaces in the spongy bone and makes red and white blood cells |
| Yellow Marrow | Fills the medullary cavity |
| Epiphyseal | disc Cartilage located between the diaphysis and each epiphysis |
| Epiphyseal line | All that remains of the growth plate after mature bone is formed |
| Axial skeleton | Composed of skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Consists of bones of the upper extremities and the pectoral girdle and lower extremities and pelvic girdle |
| Skull | Contains the cranium, facial bones, and mandible |
| Cranium | 8 fused bones encasing the brain |
| Mandible | Lower jaw |
| Vertebral column | Vertebrae separated by intervetebral disks (composed of fibrocartilage) |
| Cervical Vertebrae | 7 vertebrae of neck |
| Thoracic Vertebrae | 12 Vertebrae of the thorax, to which ribs are attached |
| Lumbar Vertbrae | 5 large vertebrae of lower back |
| Sacrum | Bone formed of 5 fused vertebrae |
| Coccyx | Tailbone formed of 3-5 fused vertebrae |
| Floating Ribs | The last two pairs of ribs unattached |
| Sternum | The first 10 pairs of ribs are joined here |
| Pectoral Girdle | Supports the upper extremities |
| Clavicle | Collarbone |
| Scapula | Shoulder Blade |
| Humerus | Upper arm bone |
| Ulna and Radius | Bones that form the lower arm |
| Carpal Bones | Wrist |
| Metacarpals | Bones of the hand |
| Phalanges | The digits |
| Pelvic Girdle | Two hip bones |
| Femur | Thigh bone |
| Patella | Kneecap |
| Tibia | Shin bone |
| Fibula | The smaller bone of the lower leg |
| Tarsal bones | The ankle of the foot |
| Metatarsals | The anterior foot bones |
| Phalanges | Toes |
| Tibio-Fibula | The fused tibia and fibula of the hind legs of frogs |
| Tibiotarsis | The fused tibia and proximal tarsal bones of birds |
| Tarsometatarsus | Lowest part of the leg (fused distal tarsals and metatarsal bones) |
| Muscles | Large groups of organized contractile cells |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | Muscle fibers that make up skeletal muscles |
| Myofibrils | Contractile elements of the muscles |
| Striations | Cross-banding in muscles |
| Voluntary | Under Conscious Control |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | Striated, interwoven muscle of the heart |
| Intercalated Discs | Connected cells that signal electral pulses to each other |
| Smooth Muscle | Non striated, non-voluntary muscles usually found in the digestive or circulatory systems |
| Involuntary | Not under conscious control |
| Tendons | Muscles attached to bone |
| Origin | The end of the muscle attached to bone that doe not more during contraction |
| Insertion | The bone to which the muscle is attached at the end where movement occurs |
| Antagonistic Group | Contraction of opposing muscles moves a body part in opposite directions |
| Flexors and Extensors | Flexors decrease the angel of bones that form a joint. Wheras extensors increase the angle |
| Abductors | Abductors move a body part away from the midline of the body |
| adductors | move a body part toward the midline |
| Biceps bracchii and triceps bracchii | The major antagonistic group that control elbow flexion |
| Quadriceps femoris and hamstrings | The major antagonistic group that control knee flexion |
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ahypnaro
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