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the "language" of the nervous system
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the means by which each neuron communicates with others to process and send messages to the rest of the body
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GE 258 Exam 9.1
GE 258 9.1 Exam Revi
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the "language" of the nervous system | neurotransmitters |
| the means by which each neuron communicates with others to process and send messages to the rest of the body | neurotransmitters |
| T/F: the sodium potassium pump is an active transport mechanism? | true |
| potassium ions are released ___ of the cell | inside |
| sodium ions are released ___ of the cell | outside |
| both sodium and potassium ions are moving from an area of ___ concentration to and area of ___ concentration | high, low |
| sodium and potassium ions are moving ___ their concentration gradient | against |
| the sodium-potassium pump needs ___ in order to work | ATP |
| during one cycle of the sodium-potassium pump, sodium and potassium pump binds to move: | three sodium and two potassium |
| Although repolarization restores resting electrical conditions, it does not restore resting ionic conditions. what does? | sodium-potassium pump |
| a junction that mediated information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell | synapse |
| synapses that are specialized to allow the flow of ions between neurons | electrical synapse |
| synapses that are specialized for release and reception of chemcial neurotransimtters | chemical synapse |
| this synapse contain protein channels, made of connexin subunits, that intimately connect the cytoplasm of adjacent neurons and allow ions and small molecules to flow directly from one neuron to the next | electrical synapse |
| this type of synapse has two parts: (1) a knoblike axon terminal of presynaptic neurons containing synaptic vesicles with thousands of neurotransmitter molecules and (2) a neurotransmitter receptor region of the membrane of a dentrite or the cell body | chemcial synapses |
| in this synapse a synaptic cleft always separate presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes | chemcial synapses |
| nurons joined this way are said to be electrically coupled and transmission across these synapses is very rapid | electraicl synapses |
| transimission of signals across these synapses is a chemial event that depends on the release, diffusion, and receptor binding of neurotransmitter molecules | chemcial synapses |
| less common varitey of synapses | electrical synapses |
| the principal way neurons send signals over long distance is by generating and propagating | action potentials |
| for the most part what kinds of cells can generate action potential | neurons and muscle cells |
| generating an action potential involves: | three consecutive but overlapping changes in membrane permeability resulting from the opening and closing of voltage-gated ions channels, all induced by depolarization of the axon membrane |
| which of the following CNS and PNS do not regenerate? | CNS |
| The central nervous system consists of | the brain and spinal cord which occupy the dorsal body cavity |
| The ___ is the integrating and command center of the nervous system | CNS |
| The ___ interprets sensory input and dictates motor responses based on past experience, relfexes, and current condition | CNS |
| The ___ is the part of the nervous system that consist mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord | PNS |
| ___ nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord | spinal |
| ___ nerves carry impulses to and from the brain | cranial |
| The PNS has two functional subdivisions which are: | sensory, or afferent division & motor, or efferent division |
| consist of nerve fibers that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors located throughout the body | sensory, or afferent division |
| transmit impulses from the CNS to effector organs, which are the muscles and gland | motor, or efferent division |
| the motor/efferent division has two main parts | somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system |
| nervous system that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles | somatic nervous system |
| often referred to as the voluntary nervous system because it allows conscious control of the skeletal muscle | somatic nervous system |
| nervous sytem that regulate the activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands | autonomic nervous system |
| often referred to as the involuntary nervous system | autonomic nervous system |
| composed of somatic motor fibers | somatic nervous system |
| composed of visceral motor nerve fibers | autonomic nervous system |
| the autonomic nervous is further divided into two functional subdivision which are: | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| division of the ANS that mobilizes body systems during activities | sympathetic |
| division of the ANS that conserves energy and promotes housekeeping funtions during rest | parasympathetic |
| the rest and digest system of ANS | parasympathetic |
| division of ANS that keeps body energy use as low as possible | parasympathetic |
| the flight or fight system of ANS | sumpathetic |
| T1-T5 organs served | head and neck, heart |
| T2-T4 ORGANS SERVED | BRONCHI AND LUNGS |
| T2-T5 | UPPER LIMB |
| T5-T6 ORGANS SERVED | ESOPHAGUS |
| T6-T10 | STOMACH, SPLEEN, PANCREAS |
| T7-T9 | LIVER |
| T9-T10 | SMALL INTESTINE |
| T10-L1 | KIDNEY, REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS |
| T10-L2 | LOWER LIMBS |
| T11-L2 | LARGE INTESTINE, URETER, URINARY BLADDER |
| WHICH DRUG AFFECTS THE HEART | NOREPINEPHRINE AND EPINEPHRINE |
| LOSS OF MOTOR FUNCTION | PARALYSIS |
| WHEN ONLY THE UPPER MOTOR NEURONS OF THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX ARE DAMAGED ___ PARALYSIS OCCURS | SPASTIC PARALYSIS |
| WHEN THE SPINAL MOTOR NEURONS REMAIN INTACT AND THE MUSCLES CONTINUE TO BE STIMULATED IRREGULARLY BY SPINAL REFLEX ACTIVITIES | SPASTIC PARALYSIS |
| A DAMAGE BETWEEN T1 AND L1 AFFECTS | LOWER LIMBS |
| A DAMAGE BETWEEN T1 AND L1 RESULT IN | PARAPLEGIA |
| A DAMAGE OCCURING IN THE CERVICAL REGION AFFECTS | ALL FOUR LIMBS |
| A DAMAGE IN THE CERVICAL REGION RESULT IN | QUADRIPLEGIA |
| PARALYSIS OF ONE SIDE OF THE BODY IS | HEMIPLEGIA |
| HEMIPLEGIA REFLECTS AND ___ INJURY | BRAIN |
| ACRONYM FOR CRANIAL NERVE: | ON, OCCAUSION, OUR, TRUSTY, TRUCK, ACTS, FUNNY, VERY,GOOD, VEHICLE, ANY, HOW |
| ACRONYM FOR SENSORY/MOTOR OF CRANIAL NERVE: | SOME, SAY, MARRY, MONEY, BUT, MY, BROTHER, SAYS, BIG, BRAIN, MATTER, MOST |
| A PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF THE BRAIN THAT RESULTS IN DEMENTIA | ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE |
| DEGENERATION OF THE DOPAMINE-RELEASING NEURONS OF THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA | PARKINSON'S DISEASE |
| A FATAL HEREDITARY DISORDER CAUSED BY ACCUMULATION OF THE PROTEIN HUNTINGTIN THAT LEADS TO DEGENERATION OF THE BASAL NUCLEI | HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE |
| SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE VENTRAL ROOT OR ANTERIOR HORN CELLS | FLACCID PARALYSIS |
| DESTRUCTION OF THE ANTERIOR HORN MOTOR NEURON BY THE POLIOVIRUS | POLIMYELITIS |
| SERVES THE MUSCULAR BRANCHES: FLEXOR MUSCLE IN ANTERIOR ARM (BICEPS BRACHII, BRACHILALIS, CORACOBRACHIALIS) | MUSCULOCUTANEOUS |
| SERVES THE MUSCULAR BRANCHES TO FLEXOR GROUP OF ANTERIOR FOREARM | MEDIAN |
| SERVES THE MUSCULAR BRANCHES: FLEXOR MUSCLES IN ANTERIOR FOREARM | ULNAR |
| SERVES THE MUSCULAR BRANCHES: POSTERIOR MUSCLES OF ARM, FOREARM, AND HAND | RADIAL |
| SERVES THE MUSCULAR BRANCHES: DELTOID AND TERES MINOR MUSCLES | AXILLARY |
| SERVES THE RHOMBOID MUSCLES AND LEVATOR SCAPULAE | DORSAL SCAPULAR |
| SERVES THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLES | LONG THROACIC |
| SERVES THE TERES MAJOR AND SUBSCAPULAR MUSCLES | SUBSCAPULAR |
| SERVES THE SHOULDER JOINT; SUPRASPINATUS AND INFRASPINATUS MUSCLES | SUPRASCAPULAR |
| SERVES THE PECTORALIS MAJOR AND MINOR MUSCLES | PECTORAL (LATERAL AND MEDIAL) |
| SERVES THE SKIN OF ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL THIGH, LEG AND FOOD, HIP, KNEE JOINTS, ANTERIOR MUSCLES OF THIGH TO PECTINEUS, ILIACUS | FEMORAL |
| SERVES TO ADDUCTOR MAGNUS, LONGUS, BREVIS MUSCLES, GRACILIS MUSCLE OF MEDIAL THIGH, OBTURATOR EXTERNUS | OBTURATOR |
| SKIN OF LATERAL THIGH, SOME SENSORY BRANCHES TO PERITONEUM | LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS |
| SKIN OF LOWER ABDOMEN, LOWER BACK AND HIP; MUSCLES OF ANTEROLATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL(OBLIQUES AND TRANSVERSUS) AND PUBLIC REGION | LLIOHYPOGASTIC |
| SKIN OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND PROXIMAL MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE THIGH; INFERIOR ABDOMINAL MUSCLES | LLIOGINGUINAL |
| SKIN OF SCROTUM IN MALES, OF LABIA MAJORA IN FEMALIES, AND OF ANTERIR THIGH INFERIOR TO MEDDILE PORTION OF INGUINAL REGION, CREMASTER MUSCLE IN MALES | GENITOFEMORAL |
| COMPOSED OF TWO NERVES (TIBIAL AND COMMON FIBULAR) IN A COMMON SHEATH; THEY DIVERGE JUST PROXIMAL TO THE KNEE | SCIATIC NERVE |
| smell | I. OLFACTORY |
| VISION | II. OPTIC |
| EYELID AND EYEBALL MOVEMENT | III. OCULOMOTOR |
| INNERVATES SUPERIOR OBLIQUE | IV. TROCHLEAR |
| TURNS EYE DOWNWARD AND LATERALLY | IV. TRONCHLEAR |
| TURNS EYE LATERALLY | VI. ABDUCENS |
| CONTROLS MOST FACIAL EXPRESSION | VII. FACIAL |
| SECRETION OF TEARS AND SALIVA | VII. FACIAL |
| TASTE | VII. FACIAL |
| HEARING | VIII. VESTIBULOCHOCHLEAR (AUDITORY) |
| EQUILLIBRIUM SENSATION | VIII. VESTIBULOCHOCHLEAR (AUDITORY) |
| TASTE | IX. GLOSSOPHARYNHEAL |
| SENSES CAROTID BLOOD PRESSURE | IX. GLOSSOPHARYNHEAL |
| SENSES AORTIC BLOOS PRESSURE | X. VAGUS |
| SLOWS HEART RATE | X. VAGUS |
| STIMULATES DIGESTIVE ORGANS | X. VAGUS |
| TASTE | X. VAGUS |
| CONTROLS TRAPEZIUS & STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID | XI. SPINAL ACCESSORY |
| CONTROLS SWALLOWING MOVEMENTS | XI. SPINAL ACCESSORY |
| CONTROLS TONGUE MOVEMENT | XII. HYPOGLOSSAL |
| THE BRAIN HAS THREE MAIN PARTS: | 1. CEREBRUM, 2. CEREBELLUM, 3. BRAIN STEM |
| THE CEREBRUM HOUSES: | FRONTAL LOBE, PARIETAL LOBE, TEMPORAL LOBE, OCCIPITAL LOBE |
| BEHAVIOR, ABSTRACT THOUGHT PROCESS, PROBLEM SLOVING, ATTENTION, CREATIVE THOUGHT, INTELLECT, JUDGEMENT, COORDINATION OF MOVEMENT, SENSE OF SMELL | FRONTAL LOBE |
| MUSCLE MOVEMENT, SKILLED MOVEVMENTS, SOME MOTOR MOVEMENT, PHYSICAL REACTION, LIBIDO(SEXUAL URGES) | FRONTAL LOBE |
| VISION, READING | OCCIPITAL LOBE |
| SENSE OF TOUCH(TACTIBLE SENSATION) | PARIETAL LOBE |
| RESPONSE TO INTERNAL STIMULI | PARIETAL LOBE |
| SENSORY COMBINATION AND COMPREHENSION | PARTIETAL LOBE |
| SOME LANGUAGE AND READING FUNCTIONS | PARIETAL LOBE |
| SOME VISUAL FUNCTION | PARIETAL LOBE |
| AUDITORY MEMORIES | TEMPORAL LOBE |
| SOME HEARING | TEMPORAL LOBE |
| VISUAL MEMORIES | TEMPORAL LOBE |
| SOME VISUAL PATHWAY | TEMPORAL LOBE |
| FEAR | TEMPORAL LOBE |
| SENSE OF IDENTITY | TEMPORAL LOBE |
| CONTROLS THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY | RIGHT HEMISPHERE |
| TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS | RIGHT HEMISPHERE |
| ANALYSING NONVERBAL INFORMATION | RIGHT HEMISPHERE |
| COMMUNCATING EMOTION | RIGHT HEMISPHERE |
| CONTROLS THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY | LEFT HEMISPHERE |
| PRODUCE AND UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE | LEFT HEMISPHERE |
| COMMUNCATION BETWEEN THE LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF THE BRAIN | CORPUS CALLOSUM |
| BALANCE | CEREBELLUM |
| POSTURE | CEREBELLUM |
| CARDIAC, RESPIRATORY, AND VASOMOTOR CENTERS | CEREBELLUM |
| MOTOR AND SENSORY PATHWAY TO THE BODY AND FACE | BRAIN STEM |
| VITAL CENTERS: CARDIAC, RESPIRATORY, VASOMOTOR | BRAIN STEM |
| MOODS AND MOTIVATION | HYPTHALAMUS |
| SEXUAL MATURATION | HYPOTHALAMUS |
| TEMPERATURE REGULATION | HYPOTHALAMUS |
| HORMONAL BODY PROCESS | HYPOTHALAMUS |
| VISION AND THE OPTIC NERVE | OPTIC CHIASM |
| HORMONAL BODY PROCESS | PITUITARY GLAND |
| PHYSICAL MATURATION | PITUITARY GLAND |
| GROWTH | PITUITARY GLAND |
| SEXUAL MATURATION | PITUITARY GLAND |
| SEXUAL FUNCTIONING | PITUITARY GLAND |
| FUNCTIONS SOLELY BY CARRYING AFFERENT IMPULSES FOR VISION | II. OPTIC |
| FUNCTION SOLELY BY CARRYING AFFERENT IMPULSES FOR THE SENSE OF SMELL | I. OLFACTORY |
| FUNCTION IN RAISING THE EYELID, DIRECTING THE EYEBALL, CONSTRICTING THE IRIS, AND CONTROLING LENS SHAPE | III. OCULOMOTOR |
| PRIMARILY A MOTOR NERVE THAT DIRECTS THE EYEBALL | IV. TROCHLEAR |
| CONVEYS IMPULSES FROM VARIOUS AREAS OF THE FACE AND SUPPLIES MOTOR FIBERS FOR MASTICATION | V. TRIGEMINAL |
| PRIMARILY A MOTOR NERVE INNERVATING THE LATERAL RECTUS MUSCLE | VI. ABDUCENS |
| MOTOR FUCTIONS INCLUDE FACIAL EXPRESSION AND THE TRANSMITTAL OF AUTONOMIC IMPULSES TO LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS | VII. FACIAL |
| SENSORY FUNCTION IS TASTE FROM THE ANTERIOR TWO-THIRDS OF THE TONGUE | VII. FACIAL |
| FUNCTIONS ARE SOLELY SENSORY-EQUILIBRIUM AND HEARING | VIII. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR |
| MOTOR-INNERVATES PART OF THE TONGUE AND PHARYNX, AND PROVIDES MOTOR FIBERS TO THE PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND | IX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL |
| SENSORY-FIBERS CONDUCT TASTE AND GENERAL SENSORY IMPULSES FROM THE POSTERIOR 1/3 OF THE TONGUE AND THE PHARYNX | IX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL |
| MOTOR FIBERS ARE PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS TO THE HEART, LUNGS, AND VISCERAL ORGANS | X. VAGUS |
| SUPPLIES FIBERS TO THE LARYNX, PARYNX, AND SOFT PALATE | XI. ACCESSORY |
| INNERVATES THE TRAPEZIUS AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, WIHICH MOVE THE HEAD AND NECK | XI. ACCESSORY |
| INNERVATES BOTH EXTRINSIC AND INTRISIC MUSCLESOF THE TONGUE, WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO SWALLOWING AND SPEECH | XII. HYPOGLOSSAL |
| THE MOST IMPORTANT NERVE OF THE CERVIAL PLEXUS | PRENIC NERVE |
| THE ___ NERVE IS THE MAJOR MOTOR AND SENSORY NERVE OF THE DIAPHRAGM | PHRENIC NERVE |
| BRACHIAL PLEXUS INCLUDE | AXILLARY, MUSCULOCUTANEOUS, MEDIAN, ULNAR, RADIAL |
| INNERVATES THE DELTOID AND TERES MINOR | AXILLARY |
| SENDS FIBERS TO THE BICEPS BRACHII AND BRACHIALIS | MUSCULOCUTANEOUS |
| BRANCHES TO MOST OF THE FLEXOR MUSCLES OF ARM | MEDIAN |
| SUPPLIES THE FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS AND PART OF THE FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS | ULNAR |
| INNERVATES ESSENTIALLY ALL EXTENSOR MUSCLE | RADIAL |
| LUMBAR PLEXUS INCLUDE | FEMORAL AND OBTURATOR |
| MAJOR NERVES OF THE LUMBAR PLEXUS | FEMORAL AND OBTURATOR |
| THE LONGEST AND THICKEST NERVE OF THE BODY | SCIATIC |
| SACRAL PLEXUS INCLUDE | SCIATIC |
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