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Epidermis
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AP1
Ch. 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dermis | Strong Flexible connective tissue *binds entire body 2gether**hair follicles, oil & sweat glands reside in dermis, extreme stretching ex:pregnancy,underlying dermis makes up bulk of skin. its tough leathery layer composed of fibrous connective tissue |
| Epidermis | **outermost protective shield** 4-5 layers located in Keratinocytes,Merkel,Melanocytes,Langgerhans cells. Skin that covers palms & fingertips |
| Melanocytes | are melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis,Melanin is a pigment that is responsible primarily for the color of skin. |
| Merkel Cells | Found in the epidermal & dermal junction.They are associated with the sense of light touch discrimination of shapes and textures. |
| Keratinocytes | predominant cell type in epidermis,outermost layer of the human skin, produce keratin a prtien that hardens protects skin, dead cells shed off |
| Langerhans Cells | phagocytic macrophages that interact with WBC during the immune process, arise from bone marrow |
| hypodermis | Subcutaneous layer lies between dermis & underlying tissue & organs, Adipose tissue & storage 4fat. fasten skin to underlying surface,insulator ,shock absorber |
| blisters | dermis- acute trauma can cause a blister, which is separation of dermal & epidermal layers by a fluid filled pocket |
| Striae | dermis skin- silvery white scars known as stretch marks |
| 5 layers of skin | 1.Stratum Basale 2.Startum Spinosum 3.Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Luciden 5. Stratum Corneum |
| Stratum Basale 5 | deepest layer & attached to underlying dermis, single row cells, 10-25% are melanocytes |
| Stratum Spinosum 4 | Contains 8-10 layers of cells connected by desmosomes.Irregular spiny shape "prickle cells" |
| Stratum Granulosum 3 | thin 3-5 layer cells held 2gether by desmosomes& contains Keratinohyaline granules which contributes to form of keratin in upper layers of epidermis |
| Stratum Lucidum 2 | 2-3layers, thin flat dead Kerstinocytes.*only found in thick skin** ex: soles of feet & hands |
| Stratum Corneum 1 | Outermost layer, 20-30 layers thick, Keratin & thickened plasma membrane cells in this layer protects against abrasion always shed layers |
| Skin Color contribution | Melanin, Carotene & Hemoglobin |
| Melanin (melanocytes) | produces melanin, pigment that protects cells from UV rays..clumping of elastin fibers result in leathery skin leads to skin cancer |
| skin protection from bacteria | natural bactericide found in sebum,skin cells also secrete a anti-biotic called humsn defensin that punches holes in the bacteria |
| skin cancer | 1/5 Americans develop skin cancer, most benign & dont spread, some malignant & spread overexposure to UV rays, damages dna bases,disable tumor suppressor genes, sunburn speeds process |
| Fas | protein that causes genetically damaged skin cells top commit suicide |
| Basal Cell Carcinoma | Least deadly most common skin cancer. cells of stratum basale proliferate, invading dermis & hypodermis, lesion common face. 99% survival rate |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | cause from Keritanocytes of stratum spinosa, arise from hands & head, grows rapidly, matestasize if not removed. of caught early good survival rate |
| Melanoma Cancer | *Most Dangerous** cancer of Melanocytes, higly matastesize & resistance to chemo, apears spontaneously & abt 1/3 develop from pre-existing moles, early detection key 4 survival, surgery, immunotherapy, ABCD |
| ABCD rule | A-Asymentery-lesion asymetrical B- border irregular, borders exhibit indentation C-color spot has several colors D-diameter, lesion lrge than 6mm diameter |
| 1st degree burn | only epidermis is damaged, symptoms include localized redness,swelling & pain ex: partial thickness burns |
| 2nd degree burns | injure Epidermis & upper reghion of dermis, symptoms are similiar to 1st degree but w/blisters ex: partial thickness burns |
| 3rd Degree Burn | Full thickness burn, involves entire thivkness of skin. Burned area appears grayish white, chery red or blsckened, nerve ending destroyed so no pain, skin graft to repair |
| Flat Bones | thin flattened, usually curved ex: scapula, sternum, ribs most skull bones |
| Irregular Bones | complicated shape, ex: vertebra |
| Long Bones | longer than wide has shaft & 2 ends *all limbs are long bones**hv epiphysis both ends & diaphysis |
| Epiphysis | at end of bones, joint surface of epiphysis |
| Diaphysis | tubular shaft forms long axis of the bone structured from the really thick collar of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity |
| Epiphysis Plate | Between diaphysis & epiphysis of adult bone, disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood |
| Intramembrous Ossification | fibrous membranes are replaced by bone tissue, spongy bone membranes develop w/in ossification then red marrow forms w/in spongy bone tissue followed by form of compact bone, skull & clavicle flat bones |
| Endochondrial Ossification | hyaline cartilage replaced by bone tissue. |
| compound fracture | if a bone end penetrates the skin |
| simple fracture | bone end doesnt penetrate the skin |
| complex fracture | closed fracture w/soft tissue damage |
| Osteoporosis | disease which bone absorption outpaces bone deposit, bone mass is reduced,becomes pourous & light spine & femur most likely to injure, vitd & calcium,hormone replacment |
| Rickets | common in children, causes bowed legs, deformities of pelvis,skull ribcage.Epiphyseal plate cant calcify so bones widen, lrg & abnorm long VITD defiency |
| Pagets | Excessive & haphazard bone deposit & re absorption, nwe formed bone has Abnormal high spongy bone & reduced mineralization causes spotty weakening EX spine pelvis femur skull |
| Skull Sutures | Lamboid, Coronal, Squamous, Sagittal |
| Skull | formed by 22 cranial & facial bones, Cranial bones enclose & protect the brain & provide attachment sites for head & neck muscles |
| Kyphosis | dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback) common in elder;y due to Osteoporosis |
| Lordosis | accentuated curve-common in overweight ppl, they are attempting to preserve their center of gravity & throw their shoulders back accentuating their lumbar curve |
| Scoliosis | Abnormal lateral curve occurs most in thoracic region, most common in girls in early teens, idiopathic, treated w/braces or surgery |
| % of height Intrevertebal discs | 25% counts for height of vertebral column, flatten during course of day so we r always few inches taller in am than in pm |
| Characteristics Lumbar vertebra | Lumbar region of spine receives most stress (Li-L5) lrg kidney shaped pedicles, Lamina r shorter & thicker, vertebral foraman is triangular |
| Characteristics thoracic vertebra | T1-T12, all attach to ribs icrese in size 1st to last, body is roughly heart shaped, 2 small demifacets into ribs,spinous process long & points downward except 11,12 articulate w/tubercles |
| Characteristics Cervical Vertebra | C1-C7 are smallest & lightest, oval shaped except C7, spinous process r short, projects directly back & split tip, lrg triangular foramen |
| Verebrosternal | TRUE RIBS- superior 7 pairs, attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilage (bars of hyaline cartilage) |
| Vertebralchondral | Ribs 8-10 are false ribs- do not attach to sternum but connect w/costal cartilage to rib directly above them ribs 8-10 |
| Floating(vertebral) Ribs | Ribs 11-12 are called vertebral or floating cuz they hv no anterior attachments |
| False Ribs | The false ribs, are the five sets of ribs below the top seven true ribs. A rib is considered to be "false" if it has no direct attachment to the sternum |
| Carpal bones | Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrem,pisiform,trapezium,trapezoid,capitate, hamate |
| wheres our weight when we sit? | lower limb carries entire weight of body, they are thicker, stronger than the upper limbs. Lower limbs include; thigh, leg, foot |
| lower extremities | femur, tibia, fibia, foot appendicular |
| upper extremities | clavicle, scapula, humerus,ulna, radius hand axial |
| Joints | provide stability & protection,classified by structure & function, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints |
| Synarthrosis | Immovable Joint |
| Diarthrosis | joints that freely move |
| amphlarthrosis | joints that are slightly movable |
| Rhuematoid Arthritis | chronic inflammatory disorder that effects more women than men |
| Osteoarthritis | most common chronic arthritis common in elderly & women. as disease progresses, bone thickens & forms bony spurs that enlarge at bone ends & may restrict movement, stiffness get up lessen w/activity crunch noise |
| Gout- Gouty Arthritis | uric Acid excreted in urine blood levels of acid rise excessively, may be deposited as needle shape crystals in soft tissie of joint, inflammation leads to painful attacks, effects 1 joint usually big toe |
| hip joint | hip joint is formed by the articulation of the head of femur w/deeply cupped acetabulum of the hip bone |
| shoulder joint | large head of the Humerus fits in the small shallow Glenoid cavity of the scapula |
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