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Superficial Back
Anatomy - Superficial Back and Scapular Area
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 4 Joints connect the clavicle to the Sternum, Scapula, and Humerus? | Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, Scapulothoracic, Gelenohumeral joints. |
| The Sternal End of the Clavicle articulates with what structure? What Joint connects these two structures? | Articulates with the Manubrium of the Sternum via the Sternoclavicular joint. |
| The Acromial End of the Clavicle articulates with what structure? What Joint connects these two structures? | Articulates with the Acromion of the Scapula via the Acromioclavicular joint. |
| What two muscles pull the Clavicle superiorly? | The Trapezius, and the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM). |
| What 4 LIGAMENTS hold together the Sternoclavicular joint? | Interclavicular Ligament, Anterior Sternoclavicular Ligament, Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligament, and the Costoclavicular Ligament. |
| What directions can the Sternoclavicular Joint move? | Superoinferiorly (S-I) or Anteroposteriorly (A-P) |
| True or False: The Sternoclavicular Joint is the most commonly dislocated joint. | False. It is an extremely strong joint that is rarely dislocated. |
| In the case of a clavicular fracture, what 3 muscles change function? | Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), Trapezius, and Pectoralis Major |
| In the case of a clavicular fraction, how will the Sternocleidomastoid react? | It will elevate the medial fragment of the clavicle (the lateral fragment is not connected to it anymore) |
| In the case of a clavicular fracture, how will the Trapezius react? | The weight of the shoulder is too much on the Trapezius alone so the shoulder drops. |
| In the case of a clavicular fracture, how will the Pectoralis Major react? | It will pull the humerus medially. |
| Does the Scapula overlie the Thorax Anterolaterlaly or Posterolaterally? | Posterolaterally (over ribs 2-7) |
| Observing the Scapula POSTERIORLY, what two fossa are separated by the spine of the scaplua? | Supraspinous Fossa and Infraspinous Fossa |
| What is the fossa present on the ANTERIOR surface of the scapula? | Subscapular Fossa |
| What is the function of the fossa on the scapula? | They are attachment sites for 3 of the 4 rotator cuff muscles. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Subscapularis (Not Teres Minor) |
| What part of the Scapula continues with the Acromion and articulates with the Clavicle to form the Acriomioclavicular Joint? | The Spine of the Scapula. |
| What are the two Scapular Notches? | The Suprascapular Notch and the Spinoglenoid Notch (AKA The Greater Scapular Notch) |
| In anatomical terms, where on the Scapula is the Suprascapular notch? | On the superior border, medial to the coracoid process. |
| What Ligament bridges the Suprascapular Notch to form a foramen? | Superior Transverse Scapular Ligament |
| What nerve passes through the Suprascapular Notch? | The Suprascapular Nerve. |
| In anatomical terms, where on the Scapula is the Spinoglenoid Notch (Greater Scapular Notch)? | On the Free Lateral Edge of the Spine. |
| A certain nerve and artery pass through the Spinoglenoid (Greater Scapular) Notch. What are they? | The Suprascapular Nerve and the Suprascapular Artery. |
| True or False: The Suprascapular Nerve only passes through the Spinoglenoid Notch but not the Suprascapular Notch. | False. The Suprascapular Nerve Passes through both the Suprascapular Notch and the Spinoglenoid (Greater Scapular) Notch. |
| True or False: The Suprascapular Artery passes through both the Suprascapular Notch and the Spinoglenoid Notch. | False. The Suprascapular Artery only passes through the Spinoglenoid (Greater Scapular) Not, but not theough the Suprascapular Notch. |
| The Suprascapular Nerve passes through both the Suprascapular Notch and the Spinoglenoid Notch and proceeds to what muscle? | Infraspinatous |
| In Anatomical terms, where on the Scapula is the Glenoid Cavity? | On the Lateral Angle of the Scapula. |
| What structure does the Glenoid Cavity articulate with? | The Humerus. |
| The articulation of the Glenoid Cavity to the Humerus forms what joint? | The Glenohumeral Joint. |
| What Tubercles are above and below the Glenoid Cavity? | The Supraglenoid and Infraglenoid Tubercles, respectively. |
| The Acromioclavicular Joint connects what two structures? | The Acromion of the Scapula to the Clavicle (known as the Acromial end of Clavicle) |
| What 2 Ligaments hold together the AcomioClavicular (AC) Joint? | Acromioclavicular Ligament and the Coracoclavicular Ligament. |
| True or False: The Acromioclavicular Ligament is weaker than the Coracoclavicular Ligament. | True. The coracoclavicular ligament is stronger since it is made up of 2 smaller ligaments. |
| What two ligaments make up the Coracoclavicular Ligament? | Trapezius Ligament and the Conoid Ligament. |
| What directions can the AC Joint Move? | A-P and S-I |
| True or false: The AC Joint is the most common site of Shoulder SEPARATION. | True. |
| True or false: Shoulder SEPARATION (not dislocation) is caused by AC Joint dislocation. | True. |
| What happens to the clavicle and acromion after AC Joint separation? | Weight from the arm displaces clavicle from acromion (this is the shoulder separation). |
| The dysfunction of what muscles would cause an inability to ELEVATE the scapula? | Levator Scapulae, Superior Trapezius, and the Rhomboids |
| The dysfunction of what muscles would cause an inability to DEPRESS the scapula? | Pectoralis Minor, Inferior Trapezius, and Serratus Anterior Inferior |
| The dysfunction of what muscles would cause an inability to PROTRACT the scapula? | Pectoralis Minor and Serratus Anterior |
| The dysfunction of what muscles would cause an inability to RETRACT the scapula? | Rhomboids, Middle Trapezius, and Latissimus Dorsi. |
| How does Latissimus Dorsi help retract the scapula if it is not even attached to the scapula? | By pulling medially on the Humerus. |
| What muslces are involved in a rotation of the arm that ELEVATES the Glenoid Cavity? (Abduction of arm) | Superior Trapezius, Inferior Trapezius, and Serratus Anterior Inferior. |
| What muslces are involved in a rotation of the arm that DEPRESSES the Glenoid Cavity? (Adduction of arm) | Rhomboids, Pectoralis Minor, Levator Scapulae, and Latissimus Dori. |
| What group of muscles are known as the Extrinsic Back Muscles? | The superficial and intermediate back muscles. |
| Where do Extrinsic Back Muscles (except for the trapezius) receive their innervation from? | Anterior Rami of Spinal Nerves. |
| Where does the Trapezius receive its innervation from? | Cranial Accessory Nerve XI |
| The Latissimus dorsi connects what to what? | The thoracolumbar fascia to the Intertubercular Groove of the humerus. |
| The Latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerves? | Thoracodorsal Nerves C6-C8. |
| How would damage to Thoracodorsal Nerves C6-C8 present clinically? | Inability to extend, abduct, or medially rotate the humerus. Example: Can't raise body while climbing. |
| The Levator Scapulae connects vertebrae C1-C4 to what part of the scapula? | Medial border of the scapula, superior to the spine. |
| The Levator Scapulae is innervated by what nerves? | Dorsal Scapular Nerve C5 and Spinal Nerves C3-C4. |
| How would damage to the Dorsal Scapular Nerve, C5, Or Spinal Nerves C3-C4 present clinically? | Scapula would depress, rotate medially, and the Glenoid Cavity would tilt superiorly. |
| The Rhomboid Minor connects what to what? | Spinous processes C7-T1 to the triangular area at the medial end of the Scapula. |
| The Rhomboid Major connects what to what | Spinous processes T2-T5 to the medial border of the Scapula between the Spine and Inferior Angle. |
| Both Rhomboids are innervated by what nerve? | Dorsal Scapular Nerve, C5 |
| How would damage to Dorsal Scapular Nerve C5 present clinically? | Scapula would protract laterally and would rotate medially, elevating the Glenoid Cavity. |
| True or False: The Serratus Posterior (superior and inferior) muscles are superficial back muscles. | False. They are intermediate back muscles. |
| Serratus posterior muscles are innervated by what nerves? | Anterior Rami or Spinal Nerves |
| Serratus Posterior Superior connects what to what? | Spinous processes to Ribs 2-5 |
| Serratus Posterior Inferior connects what to what? | Spinous processes to Ribs 9-12 |
| How does the Serratus Posterior Superior (SPS) act on the ribs? | SPS elevates the upper ribs |
| How does Serratus Posterior Inferior (SPI) act on the ribs? | SPI depresses the lower ribs. |
| By elevating and depressing the upper and lower ribs, SPS and SPI ultimately help the function of what other process? | Respiration. |
| Dorsal Scapular Nerve, C5, innervates what 3 muscles? | Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor |
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