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GAR AL09
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Radius is (lateral/medial) and (shorter/longer) | lateral; slightly shorter |
| Ulna is (lateral/medial) and (shorter/longer) | medial; slightly longer |
| Interosseous membrane | Ligament that attaches the ulna and the radius |
| Flexor compartment is located? | anterior |
| Extensor compartment is located? | posterior |
| Which forearm nerves are anterior? | medial nerve; ulnar nerve |
| Which forearm nerves are posterior? | radial nerve |
| Superficial forearm veins are surrounded by? | Cutaneous nerves |
| Course of the cephalic vein along the arm and forearm | Runs laterally and continues down to the dorsal side of hand |
| Basilic vein | Runs medially; combines with the cephalic vein to form the axillary vein |
| Medial cubital vein | connects the basilic and cephalic vein; located in the cubital fossa (inner elbow triangle); most common location for blood draw; |
| Brachial artery location | directly under the median cubital vein |
| Median nerve location | median to the brachial artery (which is directly under the median cubital vein) |
| When drawing blood from median cubital vein, stay _______ | superficial because you may hit other structures of cubital fossa which are deep to the vein |
| Structures of the cubital fossa under the superficial veins (3) | Brachial artery; median nerve; tendons of biceps brachii (lateral); |
| Head of radius is | proximal |
| Radial styloid process sticks out | laterally and distally |
| Which is more distal? (radial styloid process/ulnar styloid process) | Radial styloid process is more distal than ulnar syloid process; they can become level when bones break in the forearm |
| Interosseous membrane function | Transfers weight bearing forces from radius to ulna; aids in supination and pronation; provides site for muscle attachment |
| Orientation of radius and ulna during pronation | radius and ulna are parallel |
| Orientation of radius and ulna during supination | radius crosses over ulna |
| Interosseous membrane | Ligament that attaches the ulna and the radius |
| Superficial muscles of the flexor compartment (4) - anterior | pronator teres; flexor carpi radialis; flexor carpi ulnaris; palmaris longus |
| Origin of the superficial muscles of the flexor compartment | medial side |
| Pronator teres function | pronates the forearm |
| Pronator teres innervation | median nerve |
| Flexor carpi radialis function | flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist |
| Flexor carpi radialis innervation | median nerve |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris function | flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris innervation | ulnar nerve |
| Palmaris longus innervation | median nerve |
| Palmaris longus function | Weak flexor (along with other flexor muscles); absent in 15% of population |
| Median nerve innervates which superficial flexor compartment muscles | pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus |
| Carpi | relating to the wrist; for bone names: flexes the wrist joint |
| Intermediate flexor compartment muscle | Flexor digitorum superficialis (flexor digitorum sublimis) |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis function | flexes wrist joint, Middle Phalanges, Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) joints of median 4 digits |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis innervation | median nerve |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis artery | ulnar artery |
| Deep flexor compartment muscles (3) | Flexor digitorum profundus; flexor pollicis longus; pronator quadratus |
| Flexor digitorum profundus innervation | Ulnar half: ulnar nerve; Radial/lateral half: anterior interosseous branch of median nerve |
| Flexor digitorum profundus function | flexes medial four digits at MP, PIP and DIP; assists with flexion of hand |
| Pronator quadratus function | pronates the forearm |
| Pronator quadratus innervation | median nerve |
| What happens if forearm if the median nerve is lost? | lost pronation completely |
| Flexor pollicis longus function | flexes thumb |
| Flexor pollicis longus innervation | median nerve |
| Nerves of the anterior forearm compartment | median; ulnar |
| median nerve runs along | midline of the forearm |
| Describe ulnar nerve position and path | Runs along the medial edge of the forearm, under flexor carpi ulnaris and above flexor digitorum profundus with the ulnar artery |
| median nerve roots | C6-T1 |
| ulnar nerve roots | C8-T1 |
| Brachial nerve splits into | ulnar and radial arteries |
| How many muscles in the forearm does the median nerve innervate? | 6.5 muscles (pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, radial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus, pronator quadratus, flexor pollicis longus) |
| How many muscles in the forearm does the ulnar nerve innervate? | 1.5 muscles (Flexor carpi ulnaris; ulnar 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus) |
| Severed median nerve | loss of pronation, sensory loss, loss of function of 6.5 muscles, hand of benediction |
| Hand of benediction | Dynamic sign; Result of severed median nerve at upper arm or elbow; Patient attempts to make fist but 1st, 2nd, 3rd, digits are extended, 4th (ring) and 5th (pinky) flexed (innervated by ulnar nerve) |
| Injury at median recurrent nerve | Ape hand: cannot move the thumb outside of the plane of the palm. Loss of thenar muscle function |
| Ulnar nerve injury at elbow | Static sign; develops over extended period of time; Hyperextension of MP joint; Flexion of PIP joint; Unlike Hand of Benediction, this is a static sign |
| Describe the course of the radial artery | Runs on lateral/radial side of anterior forearm; Goes to posterior side of wrist joint then over thumb into palm to become deep palmar arch; Runs through snuff box |
| Describe the course of the ulnar artery | Runs along ulnar side of anterior forearm; Curves around in palm to become superficial palmar arch; Gives off several digital branches |
| Most blood comes from which artery (ulnar/radial) | ulnar artery |
| 3 functional groups of muscles in the extensor compartment | 1. extend and abduct or adduct at wrist |
| Innervation of the extensor compartment | radial nerve (C5-T1) |
| Common Interosseous Artery (location and root) | Large branch off ulnar artery that comes off at end of cubital fossa |
| Common Interosseous Artery division | Anterior interosseous; posterior interosseous |
| Anterior interosseous artery runs | anterior to interosseous membrane |
| Posterior interosseous artery runs | posterior side of membrane (pierces membrane first) |
| Posterior interosseous artery supplies | deep muscles of forearm |
| Extensor compartment (anterior/posterior forearm) | Posterior forearm |
| Radial nerve innervates | Extensor muscles |
| radial nerve roots | C5-T1 |
| Radial nerve branches into | superficial and deep radial nerves |
| Deep branch of the radial nerve innervates | muscles |
| Superficial branch of the radial nerve innervates | cutaneous (skin of the posterior forearm and part of the dorsum of hand) |
| Radial nerve injury | Wrist drop: loss of extension, hand hangs down |
| General origin and course of extensor muscles | Originate from lateral side of arm at elbow joint then run distally and medially |
| Extend and abduct/adduct wrist | Extensor carpi radialis longus- extend and abduct wrist on radial side |
| Extend and abduct wrist | Extensor carpi radialis longus- extend and abduct wrist on radial side |
| Extend and adduct wrist | Extensor carpi ulnaris- extend and adduct wrist on medial side |
| Muscles that extend wrist begin with | extensor carpi |
| Muscles that extend medial four digits (3) | Extensor digitorum communis- extend medial four digits |
| Extensor digitorum communis | extend medial four digits |
| Extensor indicis | extend index finger |
| Extensor digiti minimi | extend little finger |
| Extensor carpi radialis longus | extend and abduct wrist on radial side |
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis | extend and abduct wrist joint on radial side |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris | extend and adduct wrist on medial side |
| Abductor pollicis longus | abduct thumb |
| Extensor pollicis brevis | extend thumb |
| Extensor pollicis longus | extend thumb |
| Muscles that Extend or abduct thumb (3) | Deep muscles involved in thumb movement; |
| Muscles that extend or abduct thumb location (run on...) | Run on lateral side of wrist |
| Snuffbox formed by | Tendons of the muscles that extend or abduct thumb |
| Muscles that supinate forearm | Supinator- only strong supinator in forearm; Biceps brachii also supinates; |
| Stronger: pronators or supinators? | Supinators |
| Movements of thumb (4) | Extension; Flexion; Abduction; Adduction; Opposition |
| Thumb Extension | increasing angle between thumb and hand in the plane of the hand |
| Thumb Flexion | decreasing angle between thumb and hand in the plane of the hand |
| Thumb Abduction | moving thumb away from the hand at a right angle to palmar surface |
| Thumb Adduction | returning the thumb t the hand from a right angle with the palmar surface |
| Thumb Opposition | touching the thumb to the little finger- unique to humans |
| Tennis elbow | (Elbow tendonitis) Inflammation of the common tendon of origin (common extensor attachment) for all posterior forearm muscles. Patient has pain around lateral epicondyle with radiation down lateral forearm. AKA: lateral epicondylitis |
| Elbow tendonitis | (Tennis elbow) Inflammation of the common tendon of origin (common extensor attachment) for all posterior forearm muscles. Patient has pain around lateral epicondyle with radiation down lateral forearm. AKA: lateral epicondylitis |
| Tendons/synovial sheaths location | dorsum of hand |
| Snuff box | 1. Extensor Pollicis Brevis & Abductor Pollicis Longus (anterior) |
| Extensor retinaculum | ligament that holds all tendons in position as they are working |
| Synovial sheath covers | tendons |
| Synovial sheath contains | synovial fluid |
| Synovial fluid in synovial sheath | to make movements of tendons smooth |
| Why are patterns of synovial sheaths important | to understanding how infection will spread |
| Extensor expansion | "the flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles that run into the back of the hand; form a ""hood""" |
| Aponeuroses | layers of flat broad tendons; their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon |
| Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm branches from? | final branches of musculocutaneous nerve |
| What attaches to the tuberosity? | ... |
| Capitulum | ... |
| Trochlear notch | ... |
| Coronoid process | Bottom part of Trochlear notch on ulna |
| Bicipital aponeurosis | a broad extension of the biceps tendon that attaches to the antebrachial fascia. It is located on the medial side of the biceps brachii tendon. |
| Head of radius articulates with what part of the humerus? | capitulum |
| Radial tuberosity | ... |
Created by:
paul411
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